What pollinators see does not match what they smell: Absence of color-fragrance association in the deceptive orchid Ionopsis utricularioides Author Aguiar, João Marcelo Robazzi Bignelli Valente * & Programa de P´os-Graduaçao ˜ em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083 - 865, Brazil Author Ferreira, Gabriel de Souza Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment (HEP) at the Eberhard Karls Universit ¨ at Tübingen, Sigwartstr. 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany Author Sanches, Patricia Alessandra Universidade de S ˜ ao Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura “ Luiz de Queiroz ” (ESALQ), Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Piracicaba, SP, 13418 - 900, Brazil & Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), 8092, Zürich, Switzerland Author Simões Bento, Mauricio José Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura “ Luiz de Queiroz ” (ESALQ), Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Piracicaba, SP, 13418 - 900, Brazil Author Sazima, Marlies Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083 - 865, Brazil text Phytochemistry 2021 112591 2021-02-28 182 1 10 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112591 journal article 264466 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112591 1c641d5e-82a6-49c2-a413-2f0d878185af 1873-3700 8291529

Table 1 Floral fragrance profile and color saturation according to bee’ s visual discrimination of the orchid, Ionopsis utricularioides individuals. Values are ng.μl 1 per flower for the emission of floral compounds, and hexagon model units for floral color saturation. Average values are mean ±standard error. RI designates retention index for the compounds.

		Ionopsis utricularioides individuals
a Identification based on synthetic standards.
		1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	Average
Compound	RI
Fatty acid derivatives																											2.7 ± 1.2
3-hexen-1-ol acetate a	998	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.8	0.4	0.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.7	1.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1 ± 0.1
Decanal	1199	0.0	3.3	25.5	15.7	53.8	0.0	0.0	0.6	6.1	0.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	18.9	6.2	5.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	5.4 ± 2.3
Benzenoids																											6.7 ± 1.5
Phenylacetaldehyde	1015	0.0	0.0	1.1	0.0	78.0	71.2	0.0	170.7	13.3	4.4	15.6	0.2	21.9	0.5	0.9	26.5	1.2	2.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	32.8	0.0	0.4	17.6 ± 7.5
Phenethyl acetate a	1145	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.9	3.4	0.0	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.4	0.0	2.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.3 ± 0.1
Methyl Salicylate a	1175	5.5	3.4	1.8	2.5	2.0	1.7	0.0	0.0	0.3	94.3	8.2	0.6	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.0	1.3	11.0	0.6	5.6	0.0	8.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	5.9 ± 3.6
Indole a	1233	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	12.4	0.0	0.0	0.4	0.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	19.0	0.0	0.0	36.6	0.0	0.0	6.7	3.5	0.0	22.5	11.9	0.0	0.0	4.5 ± 1.8
Cinnamyl Alcohol	1283	0.0	0.0	0.7	0.0	2.0	0.0	0.0	0.5	0.0	18.4	0.0	0.5	3.0	0.0	0.8	0.0	0.8	1.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.1 ± 0.7
Benzyl Tiglate a	1477	0.0	4.3	14.9	5.2	39.6	1.5	26.0	28.5	4.1	25.7	1.6	6.0	6.0	0.0	16.4	0.5	2.3	22.3	0.0	9.4	2.2	1.8	17.6	0.0	34.1	10.8 ± 2.3
Monoterpenes																											12.3 ± 3.3
β- Pinene a	975	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	22.8	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.4	0.0	0.3	3.3	8.9	0.0	0.7	0.0	1.3	1.8	0.4	0.4	1.7 ± 0.9
β- Myrcene a	992	0.0	0.0	0.3	2.7	0.7	0.0	4.4	1.1	0.0	5.0	0.0	0.5	0.4	1.2	1.0	0.3	0.7	3.3	0.2	0.7	0.0	0.1	1.1	0.0	1.0	0.9 ± 0.2
R-Limonene a	1029	0.0	8.7	2.3	8.0	2.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.9	56.1	6.1	0.0	0.3	0.2	1.3	0.3	0.7	1.5	0.9	4.3	2.4	5.7	0.0	0.0	1.1	4.1 ± 2.1
β- Ocimene a	1044	20	0	182.4	9.7	8.7	0	1.1	0	51.5	3.8	69.4	32.1	57.2	0.5	229	58.4	114.9	236.6	59.1	27.7	0	75.7	25.9	0	92	52.6 ± 13.7
β- Linalool a	1096	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	6.4	1.3	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.3	0.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.4 ± 0.2
Sesquiterpenes																											2.1 ± 0.5
α- Copaene a	1387	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.5	0.0	2.5	1.5	2.5	0.0	2.7	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.5	0.0	0.0	0.3	1.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.5 ± 0.1
β- Caryophyllene a	1426	0.0	0.0	0.9	0.0	4.1	0.0	0.0	20.0	1.4	0.0	12.0	1.1	1.2	0.4	1.2	1.8	2.9	7.3	0.0	2.1	4.3	5.6	3.3	0.0	3.2	2.9 ± 0.8
cis-β- Farnesene a	1461	0.0	0.0	1.0	0.0	0.3	0.0	26.0	0.0	0.0	2.6	0.0	0.4	0.8	0.1	0.6	0.2	2.3	2.7	0.0	2.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.5 ± 1.0
cis-α- Farnesene a	1515	0.0	0.0	1.6	0.0	1.8	0.9	0.0	1.4	0.7	0.0	3.2	0.6	5.8	0.0	1.3	1.1	1.5	2.0	0.0	7.6	24.9	37.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	3.6 ± 1.7
Allkanes																											3.5 ± 1.9
Tetradecane a	1410	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	47.0	0.0	0.9	13.1	0.0	0.3	0.4	0.4	6.4	2.5	1.1	0.0	15.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	3.5 ± 1.9
Saturation
Apis mellifera		0.28	0.33	0.31	0.46	0.32	0.26	0.36	0.40	0.28	0.26	0.23	0.32	0.34	0.25	0.26	0.28	0.26	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.27	0.38	0.33	0.39	0.47
Melipona quadrifasciata		0.36	0.43	0.41	0.60	0.41	0.33	0.46	0.52	0.34	0.32	0.27	0.41	0.43	0.32	0.32	0.36	0.33	0.32	0.30	0.31	0.34	0.47	0.43	0.54	0.63