Integrative taxonomy of crustacean y-larvae (Thecostraca: Facetotecta) using laboratory-rearing and molecular analyses of single specimens, with the description of a new vermiform species Author Olesen, Jørgen Author Dreyer, Niklas Author Palero, Ferran Author Eibye-Jacobsen, Danny Author Fujita, Yoshihisa Author Chan, Benny K. K. Author Grygier, Mark J. text Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2022 196 549 592 journal article 133820 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac020 49bc3168-9562-44aa-a7f2-170b2057903f 0024-4082 7037796 97F607E9-7B62-4087-8D67-2CB9AA3E7B70

Table 6. Overview of naupliar characteristics of four types of y-larvae from Sesoko Island (Japan) and Green Island (Taiwan) sequenced for molecular analysis

Name and number of	Sample numbers	Size‡	General morphology§ Feeding	Naupliar	Previous reports
*Collected and processed by DEJ, MJG, YF, ND, JO. † Collected and processed by ND, DEJ, JO. ‡ Length without posterior spines. Width at broadest point. § Based on last-stage nauplius if known, otherwise on earlier nauplii. See Figure 14. LSN, last-stage nauplius; DC, dorso-caudal. ** L, lecithotrophic; P, planktotrophic nauplii (based on absence/presence of feeding spines and labral extension, see more criteria in Results). †† Naupliar developmental time after sampling until moulting to cyprid. Hansenocaris demodex sp. nov. based on four specimens, ‘Big brown’ based on five specimens, ‘Bumblebee’ based on 20 specimens. The true developmental time from hatching (which has never been observed for y-larvae) until appearance of the cyprid may be longer.
sequenced specimens	and collection data		strategy**	developmental time††
				in dish until cyprid
Hansenocaris demodex	Sesoko Isl. *	LSN:	LSN: Elongate, tapering L	3–6 days. Cyprid	Unreported
sp. nov.	JA-2018-108-111-	Length 352–	posteriorly; orange/	known, described
9 specimens	JA-2019-321-322-107-136	390 µm	brownish appearance of	herein.
	Green Isl. †	Width c. 130 µm	cyprid inside LSN; blunt
	TA-2018-066-101-166		dorso-caudal spine; furcal
	See above		spines reduced and placed
			ventrally.
‘Big brown’ (nick-	Sesoko Isl. *	LSN:	LSN: Elongate, tapering L	6–8 days. Cyprid	Grygier et al. (2019)
name due to size	JA-2018-154: 25-Oct-2018	Length 320 µm	posteriorly; brownish	known,
and colour)	JA-2019-181: 11-Jun-2019	Width c. 155 µm	appearance of cyprid in-	undescribed.
2 specimens			side LSN; long, pointed
			dorso-caudal spine; furcal
			spines distinct
‘Bumblebee’ (nickname	Sesoko Isl. *	LSN:	LSN: Relatively short; cyprid L	6–9 days.	Unreported
after bumblebee-like	JA-2018-076-077: 18-Oct-	Length c. 250 µm	inside LSN distinctly	Cyprid known,
brown/orange color-	2018	Width c. 135 µm	coloured, cephalon red-	undescribed
ation of nauplius)	JA-2019-177: 9-Jun-2019		dish/yellowish, abdomen
7 specimens	JA-2019-192-207: 11-Jun-		brown; caudal spine short
	2019		and blunt; furcal spines
	JA-2019-290-293: 14-Jun-		short and triangular
2019
Itô’s (1986) ‘Pacific	Sesoko Isl. *	Length 160–	Nauplius: truncate P	No moulting	Similar to Itô’s
type I’	JA-01-B3: 17-Jun-2019	190 µm	egg-shaped; transparent	observed.	(1986) ‘Pacific
4 specimens	JA-2019-031: 17-Jun-2019	Width 110–135 µm	with orange-coloured gut;	Cyprid unknown	type I’
	JA-2019-102-104: 15-Jun-	(more instars may	posteriolateral margins
	2019	be involved)	of trunk region lined with
			three prominent spines,
the middle being the most
			robust; DC organ present;
			short, upturned DC spine;
			furcal spines distinct