A state-of-art review of Loricariidae (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) cytogenetics Author Sassi, Francisco de Menezes Cavalcante Laboratório de Citogenética de Peixes, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565 - 905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil. francisco.sassi@hotmail.com Author Cioffi, Marcelo de Bello Laboratório de Citogenética de Peixes, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565 - 905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil. mbcioffi@ufscar.br Author Moreira-Filho, Orlando Laboratório de Citogenética de Peixes, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565 - 905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil. omfilho@ufscar.br text Neotropical Ichthyology 2024 2025-01-10 22 4 e 240050 e 240050 https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0050 journal article 308584 10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0050 8805b434-24b1-47ea-b2e3-a2b3c43daf68 1982-0224 15014775

TABLE 1 | Review of cytogenetic data by subfamily of Loricariidae published as articles. Geographical coordinates ending with asterisk indicates mismatched coordinates. Diploid number (2n), fundamental number (NF), karyotype formula (KF), sex chromosome system (SCS) are displayed.

Subfamily/ Genus	Species	Locality	Latitude	Longitude	Basin	2n	NF	AgNOR - 18S	KF	SCS	Reference/ Observation
Loricariinae
Brochiloricaria	macrodon (Kner, 1853)					58♀ ♂	78		18m + 2sm + 38st/a		Michele et al. (1977). Reported as Loricaria macrodon
Farlowella	amazonum (Günther, 1864)	Agua Boa stream, Mundo Novo, MS, Brazil				58♀ ♂	110	Simple	6m + 38sm + 8st + 6a		Fernandes et al. (2012)
	amazonum	Dourado stream, Japorã, MS, Brazil	23°51'04.9"S	54°09' 51.1"W	Iguatemi - Paraná	58♀ ♂	110	Simple	12m + 30sm + 10st + 6a		Fernandes et al. (2015)
	cf. amazonum	Paraná do Piloto, Barcelos, AM, Brazil	0°56' 04.8"S	62°58'01.6"W	Negro - Amazonas	58♀ ♂	116	Simple	14m + 30sm + 14st		Marajó et al. (2018)
	schreitmuelleri Arnold, 1936	Jundiá stream, Manaus, AM, Brazil	2°19' 43.8"S	60°04'40.4"W	Cuieiras - Amazonas	58♀ ♂	112	Simple	10m + 30sm + 14st + 4a		Marajó et al. (2018)
	hahni Meinken, 1937	Dourado stream, Mundo Novo, MS, Brazil	23°51'04.9"S	54°26'31.4"W	Paraná	58♀ ♂	110	Simple	12m + 30sm + 10st + 6a		Fernandes et al. (2021)
	hahni	Iguaçu River, Capanema, PR, Brazil	25°38'18.7"S	54°28'01.7"W	Paraná	58♀ ♂	112	Simple	12m + 20sm + 22st + 4a		Fernandes et al. (2021)
Harttia	carvalhoi Miranda Ribeiro, 1939	Ribeirão grande, Pindamonhangaba, SP, Brazil	22°46'03.0"S	45°26' 07.1"W	ParaÍba do Sul	52♀, 53♂		Simple	18m + 18sm + 8st + 8a or 17m + 18sm + 8st + 10a	XX/XY 1 Y 2	Centofante et al. (2006)
	carvalhoi	Pindamonhangaba, SP, Brazil			ParaÍba do Sul	52♀, 53♂		Simple	16m + 16sm + 12st + 8a ♀, 15m + 16sm + 12st + 10a ♂	XX/XY 1 Y 2	Blanco et al. (2013, 2017); Deon et al. (2022a,b)
											Alves et al. (2003). Reported
	carvalhoi					52♀ ♂		Simple	30m /sm + 20st/a		as Harttia loricariformis, corrected in Centofante et
											al. (2006)
	dissidens Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira, 2001	Tambor stream,
		Rurópolis, PA,	4°05' 37.8"S	55°00'30.2"W		54♀ ♂	92	Simple	20m + 26sm + 8a		Sassi et al. (2021, 2023 a,b)
		Brazil
	duriventris Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira, 2001	Parauapebas River, Canaã dos Carajás, PA, Brazil	6°30' 06.5"S	50°02' 35.3"W	Tocantins-Araguaia	55♂, 56♀	96, 98	Simple	16m + 16sm + 16st + 8a ♀, 17m + 16sm + 16st + 6a ♂	X 1X1X2 X 2 / X 1 X 2 Y	Sassi et al. (2020, 2023 a,b)
		Machadinho
	gracilis Oyakawa, 1993	stream, Santo Antonio do Pin-	22°48'31.0"S	45°41'21.0"W	SapucaÍ-Mirim	58♀ ♂		Simple	20m + 22sm + 8st + 8a		Blanco et al. (2017); Deon et al. (2022a,b)
		hal, MG, Brazil
	guianensis Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira, 2001	ParaÍso stream, Alenquer, PA, Brazil	1°29' 02.2"S	54°50'31.2"W		58♀ ♂	96	Simple	20m + 26sm + 2st + 10a		Sassi et al., 2021, 2023 a,b
	intermontana Oliveira & Oyakawa, 2019	Piranga River, CarandaÍ, MG, Brazil	20°59'34.0"S	43°43' 30.0"W		52♀, 53♂	90, 91		14m + 12sm + 12st + 14a ♀, 13m + 12sm + 13st + 15a ♂	XX/XY 1 Y 2	Deon et al. (2020, 2022)
	kronei Miranda Ribeiro, 1908					58♀ ♂		Simple	40m /sm + 18st/a		Alves et al. (2003)
	kronei	Açungui River, Campo Largo, PR, Brazil			Ribeira	58 ♀ ♂	106	Simple	14m + 20sm + 14st + 10a		Blanco et al. (2013, 2017); Deon et al. (2022a,b)
	longipinna Langeani, Oyakawa & Montoya-Burgos, 2001	São Francisco River, Pirapora, MG, Brazil	17°21' 22.3"S	44°56' 59.5"W	São Francisco	58♀ ♂	102	Simple	16m + 12sm + 16st + 14a + 0-2Bs		Blanco et al. (2013, 2017); Deon et al. (2022a,b)
	loricariformis Steindachner, 1877	Paraitinga River, Silveiras, SP, Brazil	22°52' 22.5"S	44°51' 00.4"W	ParaÍba do Sul	56♀ ♂	106		16m + 22sm + 10st + 8a		Kavalco et al. (2004, 2005); Blanco et al. (2017); Deon et al. (2022a,b)
	punctata Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira, 2001	Itiquira River, Formosa, GO, Brazil	15°19'25.0"S	47°25' 26.0"W	Tocantins-Araguaia	57 ♂, 58♀	116	Simple	16m + 20sm + 12st + 10a ♀, 16m + 21sm + 12st + 8a ♂	X 1 X 1 X 2 X 2 / X 1 X 2 Y	Blanco et al. (2014, 2017); Deon et al. (2022); Sassi et al. (2021, 2023 a)
	rondoni Oyakawa, Fichberg & Rapp Py-Daniel, 2018	13 de Maio
		River, Cachoeira da Serra, PA,	8°38' 53.0"S	55°01'41.0"W	Xingu - Amazon	54♀ ♂	100	Simple	20m + 26sm + 4st + 4a	XX/XY	Sassi et al. (2020, 2023 a,b)
		Brazil
	sp. 1	Macacos stream, Silveiras, SP, Brazil	22°40'43.0"S	44°51' 25.0"W		56♀, 57♂	94		14m + 14sm + 10st + 18a ♀, 13m + 14sm + 10st + 20a ♂	XX/XY 1 Y 2	Deon et al. (2020, 2022a,b)
		Barra Grande
	sp. 2	River, Prudentópolis, PR,	24°58'40.7"S	51°07' 34.3"W		62♀ ♂	104		16m + 14sm + 12st + 20a		Deon et al. (2020, 2022a,b)
		Brazil
	sp. 3	Rio do Peixe, Cachoeira da Serra, PA, Brazil	8°39'20.7"S	55°09' 24.1"W		54♀ ♂	96	Simple	16m + 18sm + 14st + 6a		Sassi et al. (2021, 2023 a,b)
	torrenticola Oyakawa, 1993	Araras stream, Brazil			São Francisco	56♀ ♂	98	Simple	16m + 10sm + 16st + 14a		Blanco et al. (2012a, 2017); Deon et al. (2022a,b)
Harttia	villasboas Oyakawa, Fichberg & Rapp Py-Daniel, 2018	Curuá River, Cachoeira da Serra, PA, Brazil	8°44'09.0"S	54°57' 46.0"W	Xingu - Amazon	55♂, 56♀	96, 98	Simple	18m + 24sm + 6st + 8a ♀, 19m + 24sm + 6st + 6a ♂	X1X1X2X2/ X 1 X 2 Y	Sassi et al. (2020, 2023 a,b)
Hemiodontichthys	sp. 1	São Francisco stream, Brazil			Purus	46♀ ♂			42m /sm + 4st/a		Carvalho et al. (2018)
	sp. 2	Iquiri stream, Brazil			Purus	58♀ ♂			28m /sm + 30st/a		Carvalho et al. (2018)
Loricaria	cataphracta Linnaeus, 1758	Córrego da Onça, Coxim, MS, Brazil			Paraguai	64♀ ♂	86	Simple and Multiple	12m + 8sm + 2st + 42a		Porto et al. (2014b)
	cataphracta					64	76		12m /sm + 52st/a		Fenocchio et al. (2003). Reported as Loricaria carinata
	cf. cataphracta	Iguaçu River, Brazil			Paraná	64♀ ♂		Simple	12m + 8sm + 2st + 42a		Takagui et al. (2020)
	simillima Regan, 1904	Paraná River, Brazil	27°06'22.5"S	55°31'20.0"W	Paraná	64♀ ♂	88	Simple	12m + 12sm + 40st/a		Benitez et al. (2017)
	simillima	Miranda River, Brazil			Paraguai	64 ♀ ♂		Simple	12m + 8sm + 2st + 42a		Takagui et al. (2020)
		Capivara
Loricariichthys	anus (Valenciennes, 1835)	stream, Laguna dos Patos sys-	30°17'34.0"S	51°19'21.2"W		54♀ ♂	82	Simple	10m + 18sm + 26a		Takagui et al. (2014)
		tem, RS, Brazil
		Itapeva Lagoon,
	anus	TramandaÍ sys-	29°32' 11.9"S	49°55' 47.9"W		54♀ ♂	80	Simple	10m + 16sm + 28a		Takagui et al. (2014)
		tem, Brazil
		Chimiray
	anus	stream, Argen-	28°05' 49.4"S	55°41' 37.3"W	Uruguay	54♀ ♂	82	Simple	10m + 18sm + 26a		Takagui et al. (2014)
		tina
	anus	Iguaçu River, Brazil			Paraná	54♀ ♂		Simple	14m + 14sm + 26a		Takagui et al. (2020)
	maculatus (Bloch, 1794)				La Plata	56	78		22m /sm + 34st/a		Fenocchio et al. (2003)
	platymetopon Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1979	Jacutinga River, Brazil	23°13'25.3"S	50°58' 47.4"W	Paranapanema	54♀ ♂	80	Simple	10m + 16sm + 28a		Takagui et al. (2014)
	platymetopon	Paranapanema River, Brazil	22°42' 30.3"S	51°04'08.4"W		54♀ ♂	80	Simple	10m + 16sm + 28a		Takagui et al. (2014)
	platymetopon	Miranda River, Brazil				54♀ ♂		Simple	10m + 16sm + 28a		Takagui et al. (2020)
Pyxiloricaria	menezesi Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1984	Miranda River, Brazil			Paraná	68♀ ♂		Simple	8m + 6sm + 2st + 52a		Takagui et al. (2020)
Proloricaria	prolixa (Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1978)	Três Bocas stream, Brazil			Paraná	62♀ ♂		Simple	20m + 6sm + 36a		Takagui et al. (2020)
Rineloricaria	aequalicuspis Reis & Cardoso, 2001	Maquine River, RS, Brazil	29°39'10.4"S	50°12' 31.8"W	Southeast Atlantic	68♀ ♂		Simple	68st/a		Venturelli et al. (2021)
	cadeae (Hensel, 1868)					66♀ ♂			2m + 64st/a		Alves et al. (2003)
	cadeae	GuaÍba Lake, RS, Brazil				64♀ ♂		Simple	2m /sm + 62st/a		Maia et al. (2010)
	cadeae	Forquetinha River, RS, Brazil	29°24'22.4"S	52°03'19.2"W		64♀ ♂		Simple	64st/a		Venturelli et al. (2021)
	capitonia Ghazzi, 2008	Uruguai River, São Carlos, SC, Brazil			Uruguai	64♀ ♂	70	Simple	4m + 2sm + 58st/a		Primo et al. (2017)
	kronei (Miranda Ribeiro, 1911)	Itapocu River, Santa Catarina, Brazil				64♀ ♂			6m /sm + 58st/a		Alves et al. (2003)
	lanceolata (Günther, 1868)	Onça Stream, Coxim, MS, Brazil	18°32' 20.0"S	54°33'43.0"W		48♀ ♂	54	Multiple	4m + 2st + 42a		Porto et al. (2014a)
	lanceolata	Onça Stream, Coxim, MS, Brazil	18°32' 20.0"S	54°33'43.0"W		48♀ ♂	53	Multiple	3m + 2st + 43a		Porto et al. (2014a)
	lanceolata	Onça Stream, Coxim, MS, Brazil	18°32'20.0"S	54°33' 43.0"W		48♀ ♂	55	Multiple	3m + 2sm + 2st + 41a		Porto et al. (2014a)
	lanceolata	Onça Stream, Coxim, MS, Brazil	18°32'20.0"S	54°33' 43.0"W		47♀ ♂	54	Multiple	4m + 1sm + 2st + 40a		Porto et al. (2014a)
	lanceolata	Onça Stream, Coxim, MS, Brazil	18°32'20.0"S	54°33' 43.0"W		47♀ ♂	53	Multiple	3m + 1sm + 2st + 41a		Porto et al. (2014a)
	lanceolata	Onça Stream, Coxim, MS, Brazil	18°32'20.0"S	54°33' 43.0"W		47♀ ♂	52	Multiple	2m + 1sm + 2st + 42a		Porto et al. (2014a)
	lanceolata	Onça Stream, Coxim, MS, Brazil	18°32'20.0"S	54°33' 43.0"W		46♀ ♂	54	Multiple	4m + 2sm + 2st + 38a		Porto et al. (2014a)
	lanceolata	Onça Stream, Coxim, MS, Brazil	18°32'20.0"S	54°33' 43.0"W		46♀ ♂	53	Multiple	3m + 2sm + 2st + 39a		Porto et al. (2014a)
	lanceolata	Onça Stream, Coxim, MS, Brazil	18°32'20.0"S	54°33' 43.0"W		46♀ ♂	52	Multiple	2m + 2sm + 2st + 40a		Porto et al. (2014a)
Rineloricaria	lanceolata	Onça Stream, Coxim, MS,	18°32'20.0"S	54°33' 43.0"W		45	53		4m + 2sm + 37a		Porto et al. (2014a)
		Brazil
	latirostris (Boulenger, 1900)	Laranjinha River, Ventania, PR, Brazil			Cinzas	46♀ ♂	60	Simple	10m + 4sm + 32st/a		Primo et al. (2017)
		Barra Grande
	latirostris	River, Prudentópolis, PR,			IvaÍ	46♀ ♂	60	Simple	10m + 4sm + 32st/a		Primo et al. (2017)
		Brazil
		Das Pedras
	latirostris	River, Ventania,	24°07' 39.29"S	50°14'16.21"W		46♀ ♂	60	Simple	10m + 4sm + 32st/a		Glugoski et al. (2018)
		PR, Brazil
		Piumhi River,
	latirostris	Piumhi, MG,	20°31' 55"S	46°02'42"W		48♀ ♂	60	Simple	6m + 6sm + 36st/a		Glugoski et al. (2018)
		Brazil
		Laranjinha
	latirostris	River, Ventania,	23°58' 13"S	50°14' 01"W		46♀ ♂	60	Simple	10m + 4sm + 32st/a		Glugoski et al. (2022)
		PR, Brazil
		Piumhi River,
	latirostris	Piumhi, MG,	20°31' 55"S	46°02' 42"W		48♀ ♂	60	Simple	6m + 6sm + 36st/a		Glugoski et al. (2022)
		Brazil
		Ribeira River,
		Areia stream, or
	lima (Kner, 1853)	Açungui River			Paraná	70♀ ♂	72	Simple	2st + 68a		Rosa et al. (2012)
		Ponta Grossa,
		PR, Brazil
		Ribeira River,
		Areia stream, or
	lima	Açungui River			Paraná	70♀ ♂	74	Simple	2m + 2st + 66a		Rosa et al. (2012)
		Ponta Grossa,
		PR, Brazil
		Ribeira River,
		Areia stream, or
	lima	Açungui River			Paraná	69♀ ♂	72	Simple	1m + 2st + 66a		Rosa et al. (2012)
		Ponta Grossa,
		PR, Brazil
		Ribeira River,
		Areia stream, or
	lima	Açungui River			Paraná	69♀ ♂	73	Simple	1m + 1sm + 2st + 65a		Rosa et al. (2012)
		Ponta Grossa,
		PR, Brazil
		Ribeira River,
		Areia stream, or
	lima	Açungui River			Paraná	68♀ ♂	72	Simple	2m + 2st + 64a		Rosa et al. (2012)
		Ponta Grossa,
		PR, Brazil
		Ribeira River,
	lima	Areia stream, or Açungui River Ponta Grossa,			Paraná	68♀ ♂	74	Simple	1m + 1m + 2sm + 2st + 62a		Rosa et al. (2012)
		PR, Brazil
		Ribeira River,
	lima	Areia stream, or Açungui River Ponta Grossa,			Paraná	66♀ ♂	72	Simple	2m + 1m + 1m + 2st + 60a		Rosa et al. (2012)
		PR, Brazil
		Ribeira River,
	lima	Areia stream, or Açungui River Ponta Grossa,			Paraná	66♀ ♂	72	Simple	1m + 1m + 1m + 1st + st + 60a		Rosa et al. (2012)
		PR, Brazil
	longicauda Reis, 1983	Cerquinha Lagoon, RS, Brazil	30°13'56.5"S	50°15' 40.9"W	Southeast Atlantic	70♀ ♂		Simple	8m /sm + 62st/a		Venturelli et al. (2021)
	malabarbai Rodriguez & Reis, 2008	Forquetinha River, RS, Brazil	29°24' 22.4"S	52°03'19.2"W	Southeast Atlantic	64♀ ♂		Simple	4m /sm + 60st/a		Venturelli et al. (2021)
	microlepidogaster (Regan, 1904)	Forquetinha River, RS, Brazil	29°24' 22.4"S	52°03'19.2"W	Southeast Atlantic	68♀ ♂		Simple	68st/a		Venturelli et al. (2021)
	n. sp.	Betari River, São Paulo, Brazil				70♀ ♂			2sm + 68a		Alves et al. (2003)
	parva (Boulenger, 1895)					48♀ ♂					Hinegardner, Rosen (1972). Reported as Loricaria parva
	parva	Miranda River, Brazil			Paraguai	60♀ ♂		Simple	6m /sm + 54st/a		Takagui et al. (2020)
	pentamaculata Langeani & de Araujo, 1994	Tauá stream, Brazil			Paraná	56- 59♀ ♂	64-65		8m /sm + 48st/a or 9m /sm + 47st/a + 0-3Bs		Porto et al., 2010
		Jacuaca stream,
	pentamaculata	tributary of Tibagi River, PR,				56♀ ♂			8m /sm + 48st/a		Maia et al. (2010)
		Brazil
		Água do Oito
	pentamaculata	stream, tributary of Tibagi				56♀ ♂			8m /sm + 48st/a		Maia et al. (2010)
	River, PR, Brazil
Rineloricaria	pentamaculata	Tatupeba stream, Brazil			Paraná	56♀♂	64	Multiple	8m/sm + 48st/a		Porto et al. (2011)
	pentamaculata	Tauá stream, Brazil			Paraná	56♀♂	64-65	Simple	8m/sm + 48st/a or 9m/sm + 47st/a		Porto et al. (2011)
	pentamaculata	Keller River, Brazil			Paraná	56♀♂	64	Simple	8m/sm + 48st/a		Porto et al. (2011)
		Barra Grande
	pentamaculata	River, Prudentópolis, PR,			IvaÍ	56♀♂	70	Simple	4m + 10sm + 42st/a		Primo et al. (2017)
		Brazil
		Barra Grande
	pentamaculata	River, Prudentópolis, PR,			IvaÍ	54♀♂	64	Simple	6m + 4sm + 44st/a		Primo et al. (2018)
		Brazil
		Juruba River,
	pentamaculata	Apucarana, PR,			Tibagi	56♀♂	70	Simple	4m + 10sm + 42st/a		Primo et al. (2017)
		Brazil
	pentamaculata	Itiz stream, Brazil			IvaÍ	56♀♂	64	Simple	8m/sm + 48st/a		Cius et al. (2022)
		Barra Grande
	pentamaculata karyomorph A	river, Prudentópolis, PR,	25°05' 21.0"S	50°57'22.0"W	IvaÍ	56♀♂	64	Simple			Glugoski et al. (2023)
		Brazil
		Barra Grande
	pentamaculata karyomorph B	river, Prudentópolis, PR,	25°05' 21.0"S	50°57'22.0"W	IvaÍ	55♀♂	64	Simple			Glugoski et al. (2023)
		Brazil
		Barra Grande
	pentamaculata karyomorph C	river, Prudentópolis, PR,	25°05' 21.0"S	50°57' 22.0"W	IvaÍ	54♀♂	64	Simple			Glugoski et al. (2023)
		Brazil
	quadrensis Reis, 1983	Quadros lagoon, RS, Brazil	29°44'42.8"S	50°06' 54.3"W	Southeast Atlantic	70♀♂		Simple	6m/sm + 64st/a		Venturelli et al. (2021)
	reisi Ghazzi, 2008	Chimiray stream, Brazil			Uruguai	60♀♂		Simple	60st/a		Takagui et al. (2020)
	stellata Ghazzi, 2008	Uruguai River, São Carlos, SC, Brazil			Uruguai	54♀♂	74	Simple	6m + 14sm + 34st/a		Primo et al. (2017)
	strigilata (Hensel, 1868)	Forquetinha River, RS, Brazil			Southeast Atlantic	68♀♂		Simple	6m/sm + 62st/a		Maia et al. (2010)
	teffeana (Steindachner, 1879)	Tefé River, Tefé, AM, Brazil	3°21' 14.9"S	64°40'27.9"W	Amazon	33♂, 34♀	34	Simple	1sm + 32a	X1X1X2X2/ X1X2Y	Marajó et al. (2022)
Spatuloricaria	sp.	Xingu River, Altamira, PA, Brazil	3°19'30.0"S	52°11'10.0"W	Xingu - Amazon	66♀♂	92	Simple	4m + 7sm + 6st + 16a		Ferreira et al. (2014)
		Caripetuba
	sp.	River, Abaetuba,	1°37' 23.5"S	48°55'33.0"W		66♀♂	82		6m + 10sm + 50a		Almeida et al. (2023)
		PA, Brazil
Sturisoma	barbatum (Kner, 1853)	Miranda River, Brazil			Paraguai	66♀♂		Simple	20m + 18sm + 16st + 12a		Takagui et al. (2020)
	cf. nigrirostrum Fowler, 1940	Araguaia River, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil			Tocantins-Araguaia	74♀♂			20m + 18sm + 36st/a		Artoni, Bertollo (2001)
Hypoptopomatinae
Corumbataia	cuestae Britski, 1997	Alambari stream, Botucatu, SP, Brazil				54♀♂	108	Simple	34m + 20sm		Cristina et al. (2005)
	cuestae	Lapa stream, SP, Brazil			Paraná	54♀♂		Simple	14m + 10sm + 3st/a		Camilo, Moreira Filho (2005)
	tocantinensis Britski, 1997	Vermelho River, Goiás, GO, Brazil				54♀♂	108	Simple	28m + 26sm		Cristina et al. (2005)
Hisonotus	depressicauda (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918)	Santo Inácio River, Bofete, SP, Brazil				54♀♂		Simple	14m + 18sm + 2st + 10a		Andreata et al. (1994). Reported as Microlepidogaster depressicauda
	leucofrenatus (Miranda Ribeiro, 1908)	Poço Grande stream, Juquiá, SP, Brazil				54- 56♀♂		Simple	24m + 26sm + 4st + 2a	ZZ/ZW	Andreata et al. (1993). Reported as Microlepidogaster leucofrenatus
										ZZ/ZW
	leucofrenatus	Marumbi River, Morretes, PR, Brazil				54- 56♀♂		Simple	22m + 24sm + 4st+ 2a	(discardedby Andreata et al.,	Andreata et al. (1993). Reported as Microlepidogaster leucofrenatus
										2010)
	leucofrenatus	Cavalo stream, Jaraguá do Sul, SC, Brazil				54♀♂		Simple	22m + 24sm + 6st + 2a		Andreata et al. (2006)
	leucofrenatus	Marumbi River, Morretes, PR, Brazil				54- 55♀♂		Simple	22m + 24sm + 4st + 2a		Andreata et al. (2010)
	leucofrenatus	Cavalo stream, Jaraguá do Sul, SC, Brazil				54♀♂		Simple	22m + 24sm + 6st + 2a		Andreata et al. (2010)
	nigricauda (Boulenger, 1891)	GuaÍba River, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil				54♀♂		Simple	26m + 20sm + 8st		Andreata et al. (2006)
		Paraitinga River, Salesópolis, SP, Brazil
Hisonotus	sp. A					54♀ ♂		Simple	26m + 26sm + 2st		Andreata et al. (2006)
		Grande stream,
	sp. D	Pindamonhang-				54♀ ♂		Simple	26m + 26sm + 2st		Andreata et al. (2006)
		aba, SP, Brazil
Hypoptopoma	inexspectatum (Holmberg, 1893)	PiraÍ River, Poconé, MT, Brazil				54♀ ♂	82	Simple	10m + 18sm + 8st + 18a		Cristina et al. (2005). Reported as Hypoptopoma guentheri
Isbrueckerichthys	duseni (Miranda Ribeiro, 1907)	Açungui River, Brazil			Ribeira	54♀ ♂	108	Simple	20m + 20sm + 14st		Ziemniczak et al. (2012)
		Betari River,
	duseni	Iporanga, SP,				54♀ ♂			20m + 20sm + 14st		Alves et al. (2005)
		Brazil
Kronichthys	lacerta (Nichols, 1919)	Marumbi River, Morretes, PR, Brazil				54♀ ♂			20m + 20sm + 14st		Alves et al. (2005)
		Marumbi River,
	lacerta	Morretes, PR,				54♀ ♂		Simple	20m + 20sm + 14st		Alves et al. (2012a)
		Brazil
	lacerta	Açungui River, Brazil			Ribeira	54♀ ♂	108	Simple	22m + 22sm + 10st		Ziemniczak et al. (2012)
	subteres Miranda Ribeiro, 1908	Betari River, Iporanga, SP, Brazil				54♀ ♂			20m + 20sm + 14st		Alves et al. (2005)
Microlepidogaster	sp. A	Alambari River, Botucatu, SP, Brazil				54♀ ♂		Multiple	30m + 20sm + 4st		Andreata et al. (1994)
		Móia stream,
	sp. B	Penápolis, SP,				54♀ ♂		Simple	22m + 28sm + 4st		Andreata et al. (1994)
		Brazil
Neoplecostomus	microps (Steindachner, 1877)	Paraitinga River, Brazil	22°52'22.5"S	44°51'41.0"W	ParaÍba do Sul	54♀ ♂	108		24m + 20sm + 10st		Kavalco et al. (2004)
	microps	Paraitinga River, Brazil	22°52'22.5"S	44°51'41.0"W	ParaÍba do Sul	54♀ ♂	108	Simple	24m + 20sm + 10st		Kavalco et al. (2005)
		Grande stream,
	microps	Campos do Jordão, SP,				54♀ ♂			20m + 20sm + 14st		Alves et al. (2005)
		Brazil
	microps	ParaÍba do Sul River, Brazil				54♀ ♂		Simple	24m + 20sm + 10st		Alves et al. (2012a)
	paranensis Langeani, 1990	Sapateiro stream, Barbacena, MG, Brazil				54♀ ♂			20m + 20sm + 14st		Alves et al. (2005)
		Hortelã stream,
	paranensis	Botucatu, SP,				54♀ ♂			20m + 20sm + 14st		Alves et al. (2005)
		Brazil
	yapo Zawadzki, Pavanelli & Langeani, 2008	Verde River, PR, Brazil			Tibagi	54♀ ♂	108	Simple	18m + 20sm + 16st		Ziemniczak et al. (2012)
Otocinclus	aff. vestitus	Livramento River, Belém, PA, Brazil				72♀ ♂		Simple	22m + 12sm + 4st + 34a		Andreata et al. (1994)
	affinis Steindachner, 1877	Biguá River, Miracatu, SP, Brazil				54♀ ♂		Simple	46m + 8sm		Andreata et al. (1994)
	affinis	Bonito River, Niterói, RJ, Brazil				54♀ ♂		Simple	40m + 12sm + 12st		Andreata et al. (1994)
		Santo Antônio
	flexilis Cope, 1894	da Patrulha, RS, Brazil				54♀ ♂	108	Simple	36m + 18sm		Cristina et al. (2005)
	vittatus Regan, 1904	Taquari River, Coxim, MS, Brazil				54♀ ♂	108	Multiple	36m + 18sm		Cristina et al. (2005)
		Cuiabá River,
	vittatus	Santo Antônio do Leverger,				54♀ ♂	76	Simple	12m + 10sm + 14st + 18a		Cristina et al. (2005)
		MT, Brazil
	juquiae Garavello, Britski & Schaefer, 1998	Rio Preto stream, Itanhaém, SP, Brazil
Otothyris						54♀ ♂	96	Simple	32m + 10sm + 12st		Cristina et al. (2005)
	travassosi Garavello, Britski & Schaefer, 1998	Ribeira da Terra Firme River, Canavieiras, BA, Brazil				54♀ ♂	96	Simple	26m + 16sm + 12st		Cristina et al. (2005)
Otothyropsis	cf. polyodon	Córrego Dourado, MT, Brazil	23°51' 04.9"S	54°25'13.9"W		54♀ ♂	108	Simple	18m + 28sm + 8st		Fernandes et al. (2016)
Pareiorhaphis	splendens (Bizerril, 1995)	Marumbi River, Morretes, PR, Brazil				54♀ ♂			20m + 30sm + 4st		Alves et al. (2005). Reported as Hemipsilichthys splendens
		Marumbi River,
	splendens	Morretes, PR,				54♀ ♂		Simple	20m + 20sm + 14st		Alves et al. (2012a)
		Brazil
Pareiorhaphis	splendens	São João River, Garuva, SC, Brazil				54♀♂			20m + 30sm + 4st		Alves et al. (2005). Reported as Hemipsilichthys splendens
	steindachneri (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918)	Cavalo stream, Jaraguá do Sul, SC, Brazil									Alves et al. (2005). Reported
						54♀♂			20m + 20sm + 14st		as Hemipsilichthys stein-
											dachneri
	vestigipinnis (Pereira & Reis, 1992)	Caveiras River,									Alves et al. (2005). Reported
		Painel, SC,				54♀♂			20m + 20sm + 14st		as Hemipsilichthys vestigipinnis
		Brazil
Pareiorhina	brachyrhyncha Chamon, Aranda & Buckup, 2005	Ribeirão Grande creek, Pindamonhangaba, SP, Brazil			ParaÍba do Sul	54♀♂		Simple	18m + 30sm + 6st		Centofante et al. (2011)
	rudolphi (Miranda Ribeiro, 1911)	Convento stream, Pindamonhangaba, SP, Brazil				54♀♂			26m + 16sm + 12st		Alves et al. (2005)
		Marimbondo
	rudolphi	creek, Visconde de Mauá, RJ,			ParaÍba do Sul	54♀♂		Simple	18m + 32sm + 4st		Centofante et al. (2011)
		Brazil
Parotocinclus	maculicauda (Steindachner, 1877)	Açungui River, Brazil			Ribeira	54♀♂	108	Simple	20m + 20sm + 14st		Ziemniczak et al. (2012)
	maculicauda	Poço Grande stream, Juquiá, SP, Brazil
						54♀♂		Simple	20m + 32sm + 2st		Andreata et al. (1994)
Pseudotocinclus	tietensis (Ihering, 1907)	Tietê River, Paranapiacaba, SP, Brazil				54♀♂		Simple	26m + 20sm + 6st	XX/XY	Andreata et al. (1992)
		Juquiá River,
	n. sp.	Juquitiba, SP,				54♀♂		Simple	22m + 24sm + 8st		Cristina et al. (2005)
		Brazil
		Tributary of
Pseudotothyris	obtusa (Miranda Ribeiro, 1911)	Itanhaém River, Itanhaém, SP,				54♀♂		Simple	26m + 18sm + 4st + 6a		Andreata et al. (1994)
		Brazil
	guentheri (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918)	Parati-Mirim stream, Parati, RJ, Brazil
Schizolecis						54♀♂	102	Simple	30m + 18sm + 6a		Cristina et al. (2005)
		SÍtio do Meio
	guentheri	stream, Mon-				54♀♂	102	Simple	30m + 18sm + 6a		Cristina et al. (2005)
		gaguá, SP, Brazil
		Descoberto
	guentheri	stream, Guara-				54♀♂	102	Simple	30m + 18sm + 6a		Cristina et al. (2005)
		tuba, PR, Brazil
		Garuva River,
	guentheri	Garuva, SC,				54♀♂	102	Simple	30m + 18sm + 6a		Cristina et al. (2005)
		Brazil
Hypostominae
Ancistomus	spilomma (Cardoso & Lucinda, 2003)	Araguaia River, Pontal do Araguaia, MT,Brazil	15°50' 15.0"S	51°58'43.0"W		52♀♂		Multiple	25m + 21sm + 6st ♀, 24m + 22sm + 6st ♂	ZZ/ZW	Oliveira et al. (2006). Reported as Hemiancistrus spilomma
	spinosissimus (Cardoso & Lucinda, 2003)	Araguaia River, Pontal do Araguaia, MT,Brazil									Oliveira et al. (2006). Re-
			15°50' 15.0"S	51°58'43.0"W		52♀♂		Simple	26m + 22sm + 4st		ported as Hemiancistrus
											spinosissimus
	feldbergae	PA, Brazil				52♀♂		Simple	38m/sm + 14st		Pety et al. (2018). Reported as Peckoltia feldbergae
Ancistrus	abilhoai Bifi, Pavanelli & Zawadzki, 2009	Iguaçu River, União da Vitória, PR, Brazil	26°15'64''S *	51°06' 28''W*		48♀♂	90	Simple	22m + 14sm + 6st + 6a		Ribeiro et al. (2015)
		Timbó River,
	abilhoai	Santa Cruz do Timbó, SC,	26°30'37.0"S	50°46'55.0"W		48♀♂	90	Simple	22m + 14sm + 6st + 6a		Ribeiro et al. (2015)
		Brazil
		Aiapuá Lake,
	aff. dolichopterus Kner, 1854	Piagaçu-Purus Sustainable Development Reserve, AM,	4°27'26.0"S	62°11'56.0"W		52♀♂	78, 79	Simple	16m + 8sm + 2st + 26a ♂, 16m + 9sm + 2st + 25a ♀	ZZ/ZW	Oliveira et al. (2007)
		Brazil
		Aiapuá Lake,
	aff. dolichopterus	Piagaçu-Purus Sustainable Development Reserve, AM,	4°27'26.0"S	62°11'56.0"W		52♀♂	78, 79	Simple	16m + 8sm + 2st + 26a ♂, 16m + 9sm + 2st + 25a ♀	ZZ/ZW	Favarato et al. (2016). Reported as Ancistrus sp. Balbina
		Brazil
	aguaboensis Fisch-Muller, Mazzoni & Weber, 2001	Ribeirão Bandeirinha, GO, Brazil			Tocantins-Araguaia	50♀♂	86	Simple	16m + 10sm + 4st + 20a		Glugoski et al. (2020)
	aguaboensis	Ribeirão Bandeirinha, GO, Brazil			Tocantins-Araguaia	50♀♂	86	Simple	16m + 10sm + 4st + 20a		Schott et al. (2022)
Ancistrus	cf. dubius Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889	Serra das Araras, Barra do Bugres, MT, Brazil				44♀ ♂		Simple	18m + 10sm + 16st/a	ZZ/ZW	Mariotto et al. (2004)
		Coxipó River,
	cf. dubius	Chapada dos Guimarães, MT,				42♀ ♂	84		24m + 10sm + 8st		Mariotto et al. (2006)
		Brazil
		Pari creek,
	cf. dubius	Cuiabá, MT,				42♀ ♂	84		24m + 10sm + 8st	XX/XY	Mariotto et al. (2006)
		Brazil
		Flechas creek,
	cf. dubius	Cáceres, MT,				42♀ ♂	84		24m + 10sm + 8st	XX/XY	Mariotto et al. (2006)
		Brazil
		Fundo creek,
	cf. dubius	Poconé, MT,				42♀ ♂	84		24m + 10sm + 8st	XX/XY	Mariotto et al. (2006)
		Brazil
	cf. dubius	Flechas stream, Brazil	15°58' 07.0"S	57°19' 07.0"W	Paraguai	42♀ ♂	84	Simple	24m + 10sm + 8st	XX/XY	Mariotto et al. (2011)
	cf. dubius	Fundo stream, Brazil	16°14'17.0"S	56°37' 31.0"W	Paraguai	42♀ ♂	84	Simple	24m + 10sm + 8st	XX/XY	Mariotto et al. (2011)
	cf. dubius	Pari stream, Brazil	15°36' 06.0"S	56°12' 19.0"W	Paraguai	42♀ ♂	84	Simple	24m + 10sm + 8st	XX/XY	Mariotto et al. (2011)
	cf. multispinis (Regan, 1912)	Ribeirão Grande, SP, Brazil			ParaÍba do Sul	52♀ ♂	84	Simple	16m + 10sm + 6st + 20a		Glugoski et al. (2020)
	cf. multispinis	Ribeirão Grande, SP, Brazil			ParaÍba do Sul	52♀ ♂	84	Simple	16m + 10sm + 6st + 20a		Schott et al. (2022)
	cirrhosus (Valenciennes, 1836)	Maracapucú River, Abaetuba, PA, Brazil	1°45'29.2"S	48°56' 57.0"W	Tocantins-Araguaia	34♀ ♂	68	Simple	20m + 14sm		Santos da Silva et al. (2023)
	cirrhosus	Ilha do Capim, Abaetuba, PA, Brazil	1°34' 02.8"S	48°51' 49.1"W	Tocantins-Araguaia	34♀ ♂	68	Simple	20m + 14sm		Santos da Silva et al. (2023). Reported as Ancistrus sp. 2
	cirrhosus	Maracapucú River, Abaetuba, PA, Brazil	1°45'29.2"S	48°56' 57.0"W	Tocantins-Araguaia	34♀ ♂	68	Simple	20m + 14sm		Santos da Silva et al. (2022a). Reported as Ancistrus sp. 2
	cirrhosus	Ilha do Capim, Abaetuba, PA, Brazil	1°34'02.8"S	48°51' 49.1"W	Tocantins-Araguaia	34♀ ♂	68	Simple	20m + 14sm		Santos da Silva et al. (2022a)
	claro Knaack, 1999	Coxipó River, Brazil	15°21'59.0"S	55°57' 11.0"W	Paraguai	54♀ ♂	84	Simple	14m + 8sm + 8st + 24a		Mariotto et al. (2011)
		Coxipó River,
	claro	Chapada dos Guimarães, MT,	15°21' 00.0"S	55°57'00.0"W	Paraguai	54♀ ♂	84	Simple	14m + 8sm + 8st + 24a		Mariotto et al. (2013)
		Brazil
	clementinae Rendahl, 1937	RÍo Palenque (Cantón Pasaje), Ecuador				52♂, 53♀	100, 101	Simple	48m /sm + 5a ♀, 48m / sm + 4st/a ♂	ZZ/ ZW1W2	Nirchio et al. (2023)
		RÍo La Moquil-
	clementinae	lada (Cantón Las Lajas), Ec-				52♂, 53♀	100, 101	Simple	48m /sm + 5a ♀, 48m / sm + 4st/a ♂	ZZ/ ZW1W2	Nirchio et al. (2023)
		uador
	cuiabae Knaack, 1999	Arrombado, Poconé, MT, Brazil	16°21' 21.0"S	56°27'55.0"W		34♀ ♂	68	Simple	20m + 8sm + 6st		Mariotto et al. (2009)
	cuiabae	Arrombado, Poconé, MT, Brazil	16°21' 21.0"S	56°27'55.0"W		34♀ ♂	67	Multiple	19m + 8sm + 6st + 1a		Mariotto et al. (2009)
		Arrombado,
	cuiabae	Poconé, MT,	16°21' 21.0"S	56°27'55.0"W		34♀ ♂	66	Simple	18m + 8sm + 6st + 2a		Mariotto et al. (2009)
		Brazil
	cuiabae	Arrombado bay, Brazil	16°21' 21.0"S	56°27'55.0"W	Paraguai	34♀ ♂	68	Simple	20m + 8sm + 6st		Mariotto et al. (2011)
	dolichopterus Kner, 1854	Demeni River, Barcelos, AM, Brazil	0°25'19.0"S	62°54'42.0"W	Negro	52♀ ♂	79, 8	Simple	12m + 12sm + 4st + 24a ♂, 11m + 12sm + 4st + 25a ♀	Z1Z1Z2Z2/ Z1Z2W1W2	Oliveira et al. (2008)
	dolichopterus	Demeni River, Barcelos, AM, Brazil	0°25'19.0"S	62°54'42.0"W	Negro	52♀ ♂	79, 8	Simple	12m + 12sm + 4st + 24a ♂, 11m + 12sm + 4st + 25a ♀	Z1Z1Z2Z2/ Z1Z2W1W2	Favarato et al. (2016)
	dubius Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889	Barretinho stream, Presidente Figueiredo, AM, Brazil	1°58' 20.0"S	59°29' 48.0"W		38♀, 39♂	76, 78	Simple	27m + 10sm + 2st ♂, 26m + 10sm + 2st ♀	XX/XY1Y2	Oliveira et al. (2008)
	dubius	Barretinho stream, Presidente Figueiredo, AM, Brazil	1°58' 20.0"S	59°29' 48.0"W		38♀, 39♂	76, 78	Simple	27m + 10sm + 2st ♂, 26m + 10sm + 2st ♀	XX/XY1Y2	Favarato et al. (2016). Reported as Ancistrus sp. Barcelos
	maximus de Oliveira, Zuanon, Zawadzki & Rapp Py-Daniel, 2015	Igarapé Macoari, RR, Brazil	1°10' 00.0"N	61°51' 00.0"W		46♀ ♂	81, 82	Simple	18m + 11sm + 6st + 11a ♂, 18m + 12sm + 6st + 10a ♀	XX/XY	Oliveira et al. (2010)
	maximus	Igarapé Macoari, RR, Brazil	1°10' 00.0"N	61°51' 00.0"W		46♀ ♂	81, 82	Simple	18m + 11sm + 6st + 11a ♂, 18m + 12sm + 6st + 10a ♀	XX/XY	Favarato et al. (2016)
Ancistrus	multispinis (Regan, 1912)	Itapocu River, SC, Brazil				52♀ ♂		Simple	28m /sm + 24st/a		Alves et al. (2003)
	n. sp. 1	São Francisco River, AC, Brazil				38♀ ♂		Simple	30m /sm + 8st		Alves et al. (2003)
	n. sp. 1	Vermelho River, GO, Brazil				39♂, 40♀		Simple	33m + 6sm or 34m + 6sm	XX/X0	Alves et al. (2006)
	n. sp. 2	Betari River, SP, Brazil				52♀ ♂		Simple	30m /sm + 20st/a		Alves et al. (2003)
	n. sp. 2	Garuva River, SC, Brazil				52♀ ♂		Simple	10m + 16sm + 12st + 14a		Alves et al. (2006)
	ranunculus Muller, Rapp Py-Daniel & Zuanon 1994	Xingu River, Altamira, PA,, Brazil	3°15' 21.0"S	52°12'45.0"W	Xingu	48♀ ♂	82	Simple	20m + 8sm + 6st + 14a ♂, 19m + 9sm + 6st + 14a ♀	ZZ/ZW	Oliveira et al. (2007)
		Xingu River,							20m + 8sm + 6st +		Favarato et al. (2016).
	ranunculus	Altamira, PA,	3°15' 21.0"S	52°12'45.0"W	Xingu	48♀ ♂	82	Simple	14a ♂, 19m + 9sm +	ZZ/ZW	Reported as Ancistrus sp.
		Brazil							6st + 14a ♀		Piagaçu
		Criminoso
	sp.	stream, MS,	18°29'20.0"S	54°45' 14.0"W	Paraguai	42♀ ♂	84	Simple	18m + 16sm + 8st		Prizon et al. (2016)
		Brazil
	sp.	IvaÍ River, Brazil			IvaÍ	50♀ ♂	88		20m + 12sm + 6st + 12a		Barros et al. (2017)
	sp.	IvaÍ River, Brazil			IvaÍ	50♀ ♂	88		20m + 12sm + 6st + 12a		Schott et al. (2022)
		Pipa stream,
	sp. 01	Serra de São Vicente, MT,	14°33' 00.0"S	57°24' 00.0"W	Paraguai	54♀ ♂	84	Simple	14m + 8sm + 8st + 24a		Mariotto et al. (2013)
		Brazil
	sp. 03	Pari stream, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil	15°36' 00.0"S	56°12'00.0"W	Paraguai	54♀ ♂	84	Simple	14m + 8sm + 8st + 24a		Mariotto et al. (2013)
	sp. 04	Sepotuba River, Brazil	14°41' 35.0"S	57°48'14.0"W	Paraguai	52♀ ♂	82	Simple	16m + 8sm + 6st + 22a		Mariotto et al. (2011)
		São José stream,
	sp. 04	Sepotuba River, Tangará da Ser-	14°41' 00.0"S	57°48' 00.0"W	Paraguai	52♀ ♂	82	Simple	16m + 8sm + 6st + 22a		Mariotto et al. (2013)
		ra, MT, Brazil
	sp. 06	Matrixã River, Brazil	10°03' 07.0"S	57°36' 27.0"W	Amazon	50♀ ♂	86	Simple	18m + 10sm + 8st + 14a		Mariotto et al. (2011)
		Matrixã River,
	sp. 06	Nova Monte Verde, MT,	10°03' 00.0"S	57°36'00.0"W	Amazon	50♀ ♂	86	Simple	18m + 10sm + 8st + 14a		Mariotto et al. (2013)
		Brazil
	sp. 08	Currupira River, Brazil	15°07' 59.0"S	56°49' 47.0"W	Paraguai	44♀ ♂	80	Simple	18m + 10sm + 8st + 8a	ZZ /ZW	Mariotto et al. (2011)
	sp. 1	Quianduba River, Abaetuba, PA, Brazil	1°45'18.2"S	49°00'38.8"W	Tocantins-Araguaia	38♀ ♂	72	Simple	20m + 14sm + 4st	XX/XY	Santos da Silva et al. (2022a)
	sp. 1	Quianduba River, Abaetuba, PA, Brazil	1°45' 18.2"S	49°00'38.8"W	Tocantins-Araguaia	38♀ ♂	72	Simple	20m + 14sm + 4st	XX/XY	Santos da Silva et al. (2023)
	sp. 1	Maracapucú River, Abaetuba, PA, Brazil	1°45'29.2"S	48°56' 57.0"W	Tocantins-Araguaia	38♀ ♂	72	Simple	20m + 14sm + 4st	XX/XY	Santos da Silva et al. (2023)
	sp. 1	Ilha do Capim, Abaetuba, PA, Brazil	1°34'02.8"S	48°51'49.1"W	Tocantins-Araguaia	38♀ ♂	72	Simple	20m + 14sm + 4st	XX/XY	Santos da Silva et al. (2023)
	sp. 13	Salgadinho stream, Brazil	14°40' 14.0"S	52°21'50.0"W	Tocantins-Araguaia	40♀ ♂	80	Simple	26 m + 10sm + 4st		Mariotto et al. (2011)
		Salgadinho
	sp. 13	stream, Nova Xavantina, MT,	14°40'00.0"S	52°21' 00.0"W	Tocantins-Araguaia	40♀ ♂	80	Simple	30m + 6sm + 4st		Mariotto et al. (2013)
		Brazil
	sp. Catalão	Catalão Lake, AM, Brazil	3°10'45.0"S	59°54' 25.0"W	Amazonas	34♀ ♂		Simple	22m + 8sm + 4st	XX/XY	Favarato et al. (2016)
	sp. Dimona	Fazenda Dimona, Brazil	2°19'00.0"S	60°04' 00.0"W		52♀ ♂	78	Simple	16m + 8sm + 2st + 26a		Oliveira et al. (2010)
	sp. L1	Mourão River, Brazil				50♀ ♂		Simple	12m + 18sm + 12st + 8a		Prizon et al. (2017)
	sp. L10	São Francisco Falso River, Brazil				50♀ ♂		Simple	10m + 18sm + 16st + 6a		Prizon et al. (2017)
	sp. L2	Stream 19, Brazil				50♀ ♂		Simple	12m + 18sm + 12st + 8a ♀, 11m + 18sm + 13st + 8a ♂	XX/XY	Prizon et al. (2017)
	sp. L3	Keller River, Brazil				50♀ ♂		Simple	12m + 18sm + 12st + 8a ♀, 11m + 18sm + 13st + 8a ♂	XX/XY	Prizon et al. (2017)
	sp. L6	São Francisco Verdadeiro River, Brazil				50♀ ♂		Simple	14m + 16sm + 14st + 6a		Prizon et al. (2017)
		Arroyo San
	sp. L8	Juan, Misiones, Posada, Argen-				50♀ ♂		Simple	10m + 14sm + 12st + 14a		Prizon et al. (2017)
		tina
Ancistrus	sp. L9	OcoÍ River, Brazil			Paraná	50♀ ♂		Simple	10m + 18sm + 16st + 6a		Prizon et al. (2017)
	sp. Purus	Purus River, AM, Brazil	4°51' 00.0"S	62°38' 00.0"W		34♀ ♂	68	Simple	21m + 11sm + 2st ♂, 20m + 12sm + 2st ♀	XX /XY	Oliveira et al. (2010)
	sp. Purus	Purus River, AM, Brazil	4°51' 00.0"S	62°38' 00.0"W		34♀ ♂	68	Simple	21m + 11sm + 2st ♂, 20m + 12sm + 2st ♀	XX /XY	Favarato et al. (2016). Reported as Ancistrus sp. Macoari
	sp. Trombetas	Trombetas River, PA, Brazil	1°27'00.0"S	56°21'00.0"W	Trombetas	38♀ ♂	73	Simple	22m + 8sm + 5st + 3a		Oliveira et al. (2010)
		Demeni River,
	sp. Vermelho	middle Negro River, AM,	0°23'00.0"S	62°50'00.0"W	Negro	42♀ ♂	78	Simple	26m + 6sm + 4st + 6a		Oliveira et al. (2010)
		Brazil
	taunayi Miranda Ribeiro, 1918	Cascalho stream, MondaÍ, SC, Brazil			Uruguai	50♀ ♂		Simple	22m + 10sm + 10st + 8a	ZZ /ZW	Konerat et al. (2015)
	tombador FischMuller, Cardoso, da Silva & Bertaco, 2005	Preto River, Diamantino, MT, Brazil	14°40' 00.0"S	52°21'00.0"W	Amazon	50♀ ♂	84	Simple	14m + 12sm + 8st + 16a		Mariotto et al. (2013)
	emarginatus (Valenciennes, 1840)	Araguaia River, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil									Artoni, Bertollo (2001).
Aphanotorulus						52♀ ♂		Simple	16m + 30sm + 6st		Reported as Hypostomus
											emarginatus
Araichthys	loro Zawadzki, Bifi & Mariotto, 2016	Papagaio River, Brazil	12°79′67”S*	58°39’02”W *	Amazon	54♀ ♂	108	Simple	36m + 12sm + 6st		Mariotto et al. (2019)
Baryancistrus	aff. niveatus	Xingu River, Altamira, PA, Brazil	3°12'48.0"S	52°12'41.7"W	Xingu - Amazon	52♀ ♂	104	Simple	16m + 32sm + 4st		Souza et al. (2004)
	xanthellus Rapp Py-Daniel, Zuanon & de Oliveira, 2011	Volta Grande do Xingu, Altamira, PA, Brazil	3°36'31.5"S	51°34'57.4"W	Xingu-Amazon	52♀ ♂	104	Simple	16m + 28sm + 8st		Medeiros et al. (2016)
	xanthellus	Volta Grande do Xingu, Altamira, PA, Brazil	3°23' 28.2"S	51°44' 29.3"W	Xingu-Amazon	52♀ ♂	104	Simple	16m + 28sm + 8st		Medeiros et al. (2016)
	xanthellus	Volta Grande do Xingu, Altamira, PA, Brazil	3°22'29.7"S	51°42' 25.0"W	Xingu-Amazon	52♀ ♂	104	Simple	16m + 28sm + 8st		Medeiros et al. (2016)
	xanthellus	Volta Grande do Xingu, Altamira, PA, Brazil	3°35' 38.6"S	51°49' 36.0"W	Xingu-Amazon	52♀ ♂	104	Simple	16m + 28sm + 8st		Medeiros et al. (2016)
		Chopotó River,
Corymbophanes	n. sp.	Desterro de				54♀ ♂			20m + 20sm + 14st		Alves et al. (2005)
		Melo, MG, Brazil
		Araguaia River,
Hemiancistrus	sp.	Barra do Garças,				52♀ ♂		Simple	20m + 20sm + 12st/a		Artoni, Bertollo (2001)
		MT, Brazil
	cf. debilittera Armbruster, Lujan & Taphorn, 2007
Hypancistrus		Uatumã River, AM, Brazil			Uatumã-Amazon	52♀ ♂	104	Multiple	34m /sm + 18st		Santos et al. (2023)
	cf. debilittera	Uatumã River, AM, Brazil			Uatumã-Amazon	52♀ ♂	105	Multiple	34m /sm + 18st		Silva et al. (2014)
	L066	Xingu River, PA, Brazil			Xingu-Amazon	52♀ ♂	104	Multiple	40m /sm + 12st/a		Cardoso et al. (2016)
	L333	Xingu River, PA, Brazil			Xingu-Amazon	52♀ ♂	104	Multiple	40m /sm + 12st/a		Cardoso et al. (2016)
		Xingu River,
	sp. "Pão"	Belo Monte hy-	3°06' 12.8"S	51°43'53.9"W		52♀ ♂	94		40m /sm + 12st/a		Almeida et al. (2023)
		droeletric plant
	sp. "Pão"	Altamira, PA				52♀ ♂	104		22m + 18sm + 12st		Santos et al. (2023)
	zebra Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1991	Xingu River, PA, Brazil			Xingu-Amazon	52♀ ♂	104	Multiple	34m /sm + 18st		Silva et al. (2014)
	zebra	Xingu River, PA, Brazil			Xingu-Amazon	52♀ ♂	104	Multiple	40m /sm + 12st/a		Cardoso et al. (2016)
		Xingu River,
	zebra	Belo Monte hy-	3°06'12.8"S	51°43'53.9"W		52♀ ♂	94		40m /sm + 12st/a		Almeida et al. (2023)
		droeletric plant
	zebra	Altamira, PA				52♀ ♂	104		16m + 20sm + 16st		Silva et al. (2014)
Hypostomus	aff. agna (Miranda Ribeiro, 1907)	Cavalo stream, Jaraguá do Sul, SC, Brazil			Southern Brazil Coast	74♀ ♂		Multiple	8m + 10sm + 32st + 24a		Martinez et al. (2011)
	aff. ancistroides (Ihering, 1911)	São Miguel Arcanjo, SP, Brazil	23°54'14.3"S	47°55'46.8"W	Parapanema	66♀ ♂		Multiple	16m + 12sm + 12st + 26a ♀, 17m + 12sm + 12st + 25a ♂	XX/XY	Rocha-Reis et al. (2018)
	aff. ancistroides	Keller River, Brazil	23°38' 25.9"S	51°51'32.8"W		68♀ ♂	119, 118	Multiple	16m + 13sm + 22st + 17a ♀, 16m + 12sm + 22st + 18a ♂	ZZ/ZW	Kamei et al. (2017)
	aff. ancistroides	Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil			Tibagi	66♀ ♂	104	Multiple	12m + 16sm + 10st + 28a		Maurutto et al. (2012)
		Esparramo
Hypostomus	aff. cochliodon Kner, 1854	stream, Rondonópolis, MT,	16°30'19.6"S	54°40' 31.6"W	Paraguai	64♀ ♂		Multiple	18m + 20sm + 26st/a		Becker et al. (2014)
		Brazil
	aff. cochliodon	Pitaluga stream, Rondonópolis, MT, Brazil	16°28'38.1"S	54°32'08.3"W	Paraguai	64♀ ♂		Multiple	18m + 20sm + 26st/a		Becker et al. (2014)
	aff. hermanni (Ihering, 1905)	Keller River, Brazil	23°38' 25.9"S	51°51' 32.8"W		72♀ ♂	124	Multiple	12m + 22sm + 18st + 20a		Kamei et al. (2017)
	aff. paulinus (Ihering, 1905)	Piquiri River, PR, Brazil				74♀ ♂		Simple	10m + 12sm + 20st + 32a		Bueno et al. (2013)
		Piracicaba Riv-
	aff. paulinus	er, Piracicaba,	22°43' 07.0"S	47°39'19.0"W		76♀ ♂	102	Simple	8m + 18sm + 50st/a		Rubert et al. (2016)
		SP, Brazil
	aff. tietensis (Ihering, 1905)	Pirapó River, Brazil	23°18'15.0"S	51°53' 40.0"W	Paranapanema	76♀ ♂	114	Simple	8m + 6sm + 24st + 38a		Paula et al. (2022)
	aff. tietensis	Do Campo River, Brazil	24°04'41.0"S	52°26' 12.0"W	IvaÍ	76♀ ♂	114	Multiple	8m + 6sm + 24st + 38a		Paula et al. (2022)
		Mogi Guaçu
	aff. topavae (Gody, 1969)	River, Pirassununga, SP,				70♀ ♂	102	Multiple	18m + 14sm + 38st/a		Artoni, Bertollo (1996).Reported as Hypostomus sp. A
		Brazil
		Mogi Guaçu
	aff. topavae	River, Pirassununga, SP,				70♀ ♂	102	Multiple	18m + 14sm + 38st/a		Lorscheider et al. (2015)
		Brazil
	aff. unae (Steindachner, 1878)	Contas River, Brazil	13°51'51.0"S	40°04'54.0"W	Contas	76♀ ♂	104	Simple	12m + 16sm + 48st/a		Bitencourt et al. (2012)
	aff. unae	Preto do Costa River, Brazil	13°45'84''S*	39°56'47''W *	Contas	76♀ ♂	108	Simple	12m + 20sm + 44st/a		Bitencourt et al. (2012)
	aff. unae	Oricó River, Brazil	14°08'03.0"S	39°21'30.0"W	Contas	76♀ ♂	100	Simple	10m + 14sm + 52st/a		Bitencourt et al. (2012)
		Preto do
	aff. unae	Criciúma River,	13°55'45.0"S	39°57' 57.0"W	Contas	76♀ ♂	106	Simple	10m + 20sm + 46st/a		Bitencourt et al. (2012)
		Brazil
	affinis (Steindachner, 1877)	JacuÍ stream, Brazil	22°52'00.0"S	44°51'00.0"W	ParaÍba do Sul	66♀ ♂	106		14m + 14sm + 12st + 12a		Kavalco et al. (2004)
	affinis	JacuÍ stream, Brazil	22°52'00.0"S	44°51'00.0"W	ParaÍba do Sul	66♀ ♂	106	Multiple	14m + 14sm + 12st + 12a		Kavalco et al. (2005)
	affinis	JacuÍ creek, Cunha, SP, Brazil	23°02' 25.9"S	44°56'02.7"W	ParaÍba do Sul	66♀ ♂	104	Multiple	12m + 12sm + 14st + 28a		Brandão et al. (2018)
	affinis	ParaÍba do Sul River, Itaocara, RJ, Brazil	21°39'41.1"S	42°04' 28.3"W	ParaÍba do Sul	66♀ ♂	104	Multiple	12m + 12sm + 14st + 28a		Brandão et al. (2018)
		Mogi Guaçu
	albopunctatus (Regan, 1908)	River, Pirassununga, SP,				74♀ ♂	104	Multiple	10m + 20sm + 44st/a		Artoni, Bertollo (1996)
		Brazil
	albopunctatus	Piquiri River, Brazil				74♀ ♂		Multiple	8m + 14sm + 16st + 36a		Bueno et al. (2013)
	albopunctatus	Piquiri River, Nova Laranjeiras, Brazil	24°56' 54.0"S	52°35'49.0"W		74♀ ♂		Simple	8m + 14sm + 16st + 36a		Bueno et al. (2014)
	albopunctatus	Piracicaba River, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil	22°43' 07.0"S	47°39'19.0"W		74♀ ♂	104	Multiple	10m + 20sm + 44st/a		Rubert et al. (2016)
		Mogi Guaçu
	albopunctatus	River, Pirassununga, SP,				74♀ ♂	104	Multiple	10m + 20sm + 44st/a		Lorscheider et al. (2015)
		Brazil
		Piracicaba Riv-
	albopunctatus	er, Piracicaba,	22°43' 07.0"S	47°39' 19.0"W		74♀ ♂			10 + 18sm + 46st/a		Rubert et al. (2022)
		SP, Brazil
	ancistroides (Ihering, 1911)					68♀ ♂	105M, 106F		10m + 27sm + 31st/a ♂, 10m + 28sm + 30st/a ♀		Michele et al. (1977)
	ancistroides	Rio Monjolinho, São Carlos, SP, Brazil				68♀ ♂	102	Multiple	16m + 18sm + 34st/a		Artoni, Bertollo (1996). Reported as Plecostomus strigaticeps
	ancistroides	Araquá River, Botucatu, SP, Brazil				68♀ ♂		Multiple	18m + 10sm + 12st + 28a		Alves et al. (2006)
	ancistroides				Paranapanema	68 ♀ ♂	104	Multiple	10m + 26sm + 32st/a		Rubert et al. (2011)
	ancistroides	CorumbataÍ River, SP, Brazil				68♀ ♂		Multiple	16m + 4sm + 16st + 32a		Alves et al. (2012b)
	ancistroides	Piquiri River, Formosa do Oeste, PR, Brazil				68♀ ♂			14m + 14sm + 8st + 32a		Bueno et al. (2012)
	ancistroides	Dourados stream, Mandaguari, PR, Brazil			Pirapó	68♀ ♂		Multiple	14m + 12sm + 18st + 24a		Endo et al. (2012)
	ancistroides	Maringá stream, Maringá, PR, Brazil			Pirapó	68♀ ♂		Multiple	16m + 12sm + 18st + 22a		Endo et al. (2012)
Hypostomus	ancistroides	stream, Ourizo-			IvaÍ	68♀ ♂					Endo et al. (2012)
	ancistroides	Piquiri River, Brazil				68♀ ♂		Multiple	14m + 14sm + 8st + 32a		Bueno et al. (2013)
	ancistroides	Água Boa stream, Mundo Novo, MS, Brazil				68♀ ♂	116	Multiple	14m + 24sm + 10st + 20a		Fernandes et al. (2012)
	ancistroides	Dourado stream, Mundo Novo, MS, Brazil				68♀ ♂	116	Multiple	10m + 22sm + 16st + 20a		Fernandes et al. (2012)
	ancistroides	Dourado stream, Mundo Novo, MS, Brazil				68♀ ♂	120	Multiple	14m + 16sm + 22st + 16a		Traldi et al. (2013)
	ancistroides	Hortelã stream, Botucatu, SP, Brazil	22°56'28.9"S	48°35' 03.2"W		68♀ ♂		Multiple	10m + 20sm + 10st + 28a		Pansonato-Alves et al. (2013)
	ancistroides	Piquiri River, Nova Laranjeiras, Brazil	24°56'54.0"S	52°35' 49.0"W		68♀ ♂		Multiple	14m + 14sm + 8st + 32a		Bueno et al. (2014)
	ancistroides	Monjolinho River, São Carlos, SP, Brazil				68♀ ♂	102	Multiple	16m + 18sm + 34st/a		Lorscheider et al. (2015)
	cf. heraldoi Zawadzki, Weber & Pavanelli, 2008	Mogi Guaçu River, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil			Mogi Guaçu	72♀ ♂		Simple	6m + 6sm + 26st + 34a		Martinez et al. (2011)
	cf. plecostomus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Severo stream, Brazil	9°54' 30.8"S	56°03'33.9"W	Amazon	68♀ ♂	120/ 121	Multiple	14m + 24sm + 14st + 16a ♂, 15m + 24sm + 14st + 15a ♀	ZZ/ZW	Oliveira et al. (2015)
	cf. topavae	Carrapato stream, Penápolis, SP, Brazil			Paraná	80♀ ♂		Multiple	6m + 8sm + 42st + 24a		Martinez et al. (2011)
	cf. wuchereri (Günther, 1864)	Mutum River, Jequié, BA, Brazil	13°43'18.0"S	39°51'20.0"W	Contas	76♀ ♂	104	Simple	10m + 18sm + 48st/a		Bitencourt et al. (2011b)
	cf. wuchereri	Una River, Valença, BA, Brazil	13°21'55.0"S	39°04'35.0"W	Recôncavo Sul	76♀ ♂	104	Simple	10m + 18sm + 48st/a		Bitencourt et al. (2011b)
	cochliodon Kner, 1854	Iguaçu River, Brazil				64♀ ♂		Simple	12m + 16sm + 16st + 20a		Bueno et al. (2014)
	cochliodon	Iguaçu River, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brazil	25°38'53.0"S	54°27' 28.0"W		64♀ ♂		Simple	12m + 16sm + 16st + 20a		Rubert et al. (2016)
	cochliodon	Piraputanga River, Cáceres, MT, Brazil	16°03'33.0"S	57°40'33.0"W	Paraguai	64♀ ♂	100	Multiple	16m + 20sm + 28st/a		Rubert et al. (2016)
	commersoni Valenciennes, 1836	Iguaçu River, Brazil				68♀ ♂		Multiple	12m + 14sm + 14st + 28a		Bueno et al. (2013)
	commersoni	Lake of Ney Braga hydroeletric plant, Mangueririnha, PR, Brazil				68♀ ♂	100	Multiple	12m + 12sm + 8st + 36a		Maurutto et al. (2012)
	commersoni	Piquiri River, Nova Laranjeiras, Brazil	24°56'54.0"S	52°35'49.0"W		68♀ ♂		Multiple	12m + 14sm + 14st + 28a		Bueno et al. (2014)
	commersoni	Iguaçu River, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brazil	25°38'53.0"S	54°27' 28.0"W		68♀ ♂		Multiple	12m + 14sm + 14st + 28a		Bueno et al. (2014)
	commersoni	Iguaçu River, PR, Brazil	26°15'01.1"S	51°06'10.7"W	Paraná	68♀ ♂	106	Multiple	12m + 12sm + 14st + 30a		Lorscheider et al. (2018)
	derbyi (Haseman, 1911)	Iguaçu River, Curitiba, PR, Brazil				66♀ ♂	82	Multiple	6m + 10sm + 20st + 30a		Maurutto et al. (2012)
	derbyi	Iguaçu River, PR, Brazil	26°15'01.1"S	51°06'10.7"W	Paraná	68♀ ♂	102	Simple	12m + 12sm + 10st + 34a		Lorscheider et al. (2018)
	faveolus Zawadzki, Birindelli & Lima, 2008	Taquaralzinho River, MT, Brazil				64♀ ♂		Simple	18m + 8sm + 22st + 16a		Bueno et al. (2013)
	faveolus	Taquaralzinho River, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil	15°40'42.0"S	52°17'52.0"W		64♀ ♂		Simple	18m + 8sm + 22st + 16a		Bueno et al. (2014)
	goyazensis (Regan, 1908)	Vermelho River, GO, Brazil				72♀ ♂		Simple	10m + 16sm + 10st + 36a		Alves et al. (2006)
	hermanni (Ihering, 1905)	Piquiri River, PR, Brazil				72♀ ♂		Multiple	10m + 8sm + 32st + 22a		Bueno et al. (2013)
	hermanni	Piquiri River, Nova Laranjeiras, Brazil	24°56'54.0"S	52°35' 49.0"W		72♀ ♂		Multiple	10m + 8sm + 32st + 22a		Bueno et al. (2014)
	hermanni	Piracicaba River, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil	22°43'07.0"S	47°39' 19.0"W		72♀ ♂	98	Simple	8m + 18sm + 46st/a		Rubert et al. (2016)
		Piracicaba Riv-
Hypostomus	hermanni	er, Piracicaba,	22°43'07.0"S	47°39' 19.0"W		72♀ ♂			8m + 18sm + 46st/a		Rubert et al. (2022)
		SP, Brazil
	iheringii (Regan, 1908)	da Lapa stream, Ipeúna, SP, Brazil				80♀ ♂	132	Multiple	8m + 16sm + 28st + 28a		Traldi et al. (2012)
		Piracicaba Riv-
	iheringii	er, Piracicaba,	22°43'07.0"S	47°39' 19.0"W		80♀ ♂	102	Simple	8m + 14sm + 58st/a		Rubert et al. (2016)
		SP, Brazil
	iheringii	Mogi Guaçu River, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil				76♀ ♂	114	Simple	8m + 30sm + 38st/a		Artoni, Bertollo (1996). Reported as Hypostomus aff. auroguttatus
		Mogi Guaçu
	iheringii	River, Pirassununga, SP,				76♀ ♂	114	Simple	8m + 30sm + 38st/a		Lorscheider et al. (2015)
		Brazil
		Piracicaba Riv-
	iheringii	er, Piracicaba,	22°43'07.0"S	47°39' 19.0"W		80♀ ♂			8m + 14sm + 58st/a		Rubert et al. (2022)
		SP, Brazil
	jaguar Zanata, Sardeiro & Zawadzki, 2013					76♀ ♂		Multiple	10m + 20sm + 46st/a		Anjos et al. (2020)
	macrops (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888)
		Claro/Mutuca
	mutucae Knaack, 1999	River, Chapada dos Guimarães,	15°20' 13.0"S	55°53'45.0"W	Paraguai	82♀ ♂	104	Simple	4m + 18sm + 60st/a		Rubert et al. (2016)
		MT, Brazil
	mutucae	Claro River, Brazil	15°20' 13.0"S	55°53'45.0"W		82♀ ♂		Simple	4m + 18sm + 60st/a		Rubert et al. (2022)
	myersi (Gosline, 1947)	Iguaçu River, PR, Brazil	26°15' 01.1"S	51°06'10.7"W	Paraná	74♀ ♂	114	Simple	12m + 16sm + 12st + 34a		Lorscheider et al. (2018)
		Mogi Guaçu
	nigromaculatus (Schubart, 1964)	River, Cachoeira de Emas, Pirassununga, SP,				76♀ ♂	104	Multiple	8m + 20sm + 48st/a		Rubert et al. (2008)
		Brazil
	nigromaculatus	Três Bocas stream, Londrina, PR, Brazil				76♀ ♂	102	Multiple	6m + 20sm + 50st/a		Rubert et al. (2008)
	nigromaculatus	dos Apertados stream, Londrina, PR, Brazil				76♀ ♂	102	Multiple	6m + 20sm + 50st/a		Rubert et al. (2008)
	nigromaculatus	Lapa stream, Ipeúna, SP, Brazil				76♀ ♂	140	Simple	12m + 22sm + 30st + 12a		Traldi et al. (2013)
	nigromaculatus	Hortelã stream, Botucatu, SP, Brazil	22°56'28.9"S	48°35'03.2"W		76♀ ♂		Simple	8m + 18sm + 20st + 30a		Pansonato-Alves et al. (2013)
		Pirapitinga
	nigromaculatus	River, Caldas Novas, GO,	17°43' 37.0"S	48°32' 54.0"W		74♀ ♂	104	Simple	8m + 22sm + 44st/a		Rubert et al. (2016)
		Brazil
	paulinus (Ihering, 1905)					74♀ ♂	104		10m + 20sm + 44st/a		Michele et al. (1977). Reported as Plecostomus ancistroides
	paulinus	Três Bocas stream, PR, Brazil			Paranapanema	76♀ ♂	98	Simple	6m + 16sm + 54st/a		Rubert et al. (2011)
	paulinus	Apertados stream, PR, Brazil			Paranapanema	76♀ ♂	98	Simple	6m + 16sm + 54st/a		Rubert et al. (2011)
	paulinus					74♀ ♂		Simple	10m + 12sm + 20st + 32a		Bueno et al. (2014)
		Piracicaba Riv-
	paulinus	er, Piracicaba,	22°43' 07.0"S	47°39'19.0"W		76♀ ♂	98	Simple	6m + 16sm + 54st/a		Rubert et al. (2016)
		SP, Brazil
		Mogi Guaçu
	paulinus	River, Pirassununga, SP,				72♀ ♂	100	Multiple	10m + 18sm + 44st/a		Artoni, Bertollo (1996). Reported as Hypostomus sp. C
		Brazil
		Mogi Guaçu
	paulinus	River, Pirassununga, SP,				72♀ ♂	100	Multiple	10m + 18sm + 44st/a		Lorscheider et al., 2015
		Brazil
	paulinus	Mogi Guaçu River, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil				72♀ ♂	106	Multiple	14m + 20sm + 38st/a		Artoni, Bertollo (1996). Reported as Hypostomus sp. D2
		Mogi Guaçu
	paulinus	River, Pirassununga, SP,				72♀ ♂	106	Multiple	14m + 20sm + 38st/a		Lorscheider et al. (2015)
		Brazil
		Piracicaba Riv-
Hypostomus	paulinus	er, Piracicaba,	22°43'07.0"S	47°39' 19.0"W		76♀ ♂			6m + 16sm + 54st/a		Rubert et al. (2022)
		SP, Brazil
	plecostomus (Linnaeus, 1758)					54♀ ♂					Hinegardner, Rosen (1972)
											Muramoto et al. (1968).
	plecostomus					54♀ ♂			24m /sm + 12st + 18a		Reported as Plecostomus
											paulinus
	prope iheringii	CorumbataÍ River, SP, Brazil				74♀ ♂		Multiple	10m + 14sm + 20st + 30a		Alves et al. (2012b)
	prope paulinus	CorumbataÍ River, SP, Brazil				76♀ ♂		Simple	6m + 18sm + 12st + 40a		Alves et al. (2012b)
	prope paulinus	CorumbataÍ River, SP, Brazil				76♀ ♂		Simple	6m + 18sm + 12st + 40a		Alves et al. (2012b)
	prope plecostomus	Orinoco River, Bolivar, Venezuela				68♀ ♂		Simple	12m + 16sm + 12st + 28a		Alves et al. (2012b)
	prope unae	Contas River, Brazil	13°51'51.0"S	40°04' 54.0"W	Contas	76♀ ♂	104	Multiple	12m + 16sm + 48st/a		Bitencourt et al. (2011a)
	prope unae	Contas River, Brazil	13°51'51.0"S	40°04'54.0"W	Contas	76♀ ♂	108	Multiple	12m + 20sm + 44st/a		Bitencourt et al. (2011a)
	prope unae	Oricó River, Brazil	14°08'03.0"S	39°21'30.0"W	Contas	76♀ ♂	100	Multiple	10m + 14sm + 52st/a		Bitencourt et al. (2011a)
	prope unae	Preto do Criciúma River, Brazil			Contas	76♀ ♂	106	Multiple	10m + 20sm + 46st/a		Bitencourt et al. (2011a)
	regani (Ihering, 1905)					72♀ ♂			10m + 20sm + 42st/a		Artoni, Bertollo (1996)
	regani	Araquá River, Botucatu, SP, Brazil				72♀ ♂		Multiple	12m + 18sm + 26st + 16a		Alves et al. (2006)
	regani	Jacutinga River, Brazil			Paranapanema	72♀ ♂	100	Multiple	10m + 18sm + 44st/a		Rubert et al. (2011)
	regani	Piumhi River, Piumhi, MG, Brazil	20°20'31.0"S	45°59' 03.4"W	São Francisco	72♀ ♂	116	Simple	8m + 16sm + 20st + 28a		Mendes-Neto et al. (2011)
		Mogi Guaçu
	regani	River, Pirassununga, SP,				72♀ ♂		Simple	6m + 6sm + 32st + 28a		Martinez et al. (2011)
		Brazil
	regani	IvaÍ River, Floresta, PR, Brazil			IvaÍ	72♀ ♂		Multiple	12m + 14sm + 26st + 20a		Endo et al. (2012)
	regani	Piquiri River, Brazil				72♀ ♂		Multiple	12m + 8sm + 10st + 42a		Bueno et al. (2013)
	regani	Piquiri River, Nova Laranjeiras, Brazil	24°56'54.0"S	52°35'49.0"W		72♀ ♂		Multiple	12m + 8sm + 10st + 42a		Bueno et al. (2014)
		Mogi Guaçu
	regani	River, Pirassununga, SP,	21°55'37.7"S	47°22'02.6"W		72♀ ♂	100	Simple	10m + 20sm + 42st/a		Rubert et al. (2016)
		Brazil
		Pirapitinga
	regani	River, Caldas Novas, GO,	17°43' 37.0"S	48°32' 54.0"W		72♀ ♂	106	SImple	12m + 22sm + 38st/a		Rubert et al. (2016)
		Brazil
	regani	Onça stream, Coxim, MS, Brazil	18°32' 18.0"S	54°33'43.0"W	Paraguai	72♀ ♂		Simple	12m + 14sm + 18st + 28a		Ferreira et al. (2019)
	regani	Onça stream, Coxim, MS, Brazil	18°32'18.0"S	54°33'43.0"W	Paraguai	72♀ ♂		Simple	13m + 14sm + 17st + 18a		Ferreira et al. (2019)
	soniae Hollanda Carvalho & Weber, 2005	Alta Floresta, MT, Brazil	9°54'30.8"S	56°03' 33.9"W	Teles Pires	64♀ ♂	112	Multiple	12m + 22sm + 14st + 16a	XX/XY	Oliveira et al. (2019)
	soniae	Alta Floresta, MT, Brazil	9°53'50.5"S	56°03'39.5"W	Teles Pires	64♀ ♂	112	Multiple	12m + 22sm + 14st + 16a	XX/XY	Oliveira et al. (2019)
	soniae	Alta Floresta, MT, Brazil	9°53'30.5"S	56°04' 18.8"W	Teles Pires	64♀ ♂	112	Multiple	12m + 22sm + 14st + 16a	XX/XY	Oliveira et al. (2019)
	sp.	Mogi Guaçu River, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil				72♀ ♂	108	Multiple	10m + 26sm + 36st/a		Artoni, Bertollo (1996). Reported as Hypostomus sp. D1
		Mogi Guaçu
	sp.	River, Pirassununga, SP,				72♀ ♂	108	Multiple	10m + 26sm + 36st/a		Lorscheider et al. (2015)
		Brazil
	sp.	Fundo stream, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil			Tocantins-Araguaia	64♀ ♂		Simple	14m + 24sm + 26st/a ♂, 15m + 24sm + 25st/a ♀	ZZ/ZW	Artoni et al. (1998)
		Mogi Guaçu
	sp.	River, Pirassununga, SP,			Mogi Guaçu	68♀ ♂		Multiple	6m + 6sm + 32st + 24a		Martinez et al. (2011)
		Brazil
		Esparramo
Hypostomus	sp.	stream, Rondonópolis, MT,	16°30'00.0"S	54°40'00.0"W	Paraguay	74♀ ♂		Multiple	12m + 20sm + 42st/a		Becker et al. (2014)
		Brazil
		Perdido River,
	sp. 2 Rio Perdido	Planalto da Bodoquena, MS,	21°17'09.0"S	56°41'46.0"W		84♀ ♂	106	Simple	6m + 16sm + 62st/a		Cereali et al. (2008)
		Brazil
		Salobra River,
	sp. 3 Córrego Salobrinha	Planalto da Bodoquena, MS,	20°41' 34.0"S	56°44'25.0"W		82♀ ♂	100- 102		6m + 12sm + 64st/a + 1-2aBs		Cereali et al. (2008)
		Brazil
		Salobrinha
	sp. 3 Córrego Salobrinha	stream, Planalto da Bodoquena,	20°41' 07.0"S	56°46'44.0"W		82♀ ♂	100- 102		6m + 12sm + 64st/a + 1-2aBs		Cereali et al. (2008)
		MS, Brazil
		Mogi Guaçu
	sp. B	River, Pirassununga, SP,				72♀ ♂		Simple	12m + 18sm + 42st/a		Artoni et al. (1999 a)
		Brazil
		Mogi Guaçu
	sp. E	River, Pirassununga, SP,				80♀ ♂		Multiple	8m + 16sm + 56st/a		Artoni et al. (1999 a)
		Brazil
	sp. F	São Francisco River, Brazil				75, 76♀ ♂			10m + 16sm + 50st/a or 10m + 17sm + 48st/a		Artoni et al. (1999 a)
	sp. Xingu-1	Xingu River, Altamira, PA, Brazil	3°12'48.0"S	52°12' 41.7"W	Xingu - Amazon	64♀ ♂		Simple	32m /sm + 32st/a		Milhomem et al. (2010)
	sp. Xingu-2	Xingu River, Altamira, PA, Brazil	3°12'48.0"S	52°12' 41.7"W	Xingu - Amazon	66♀ ♂		Simple	32m /sm + 34st/a		Milhomem et al. (2010)
	sp. Xingu-3	Xingu River, Altamira, PA, Brazil	3°12'48.0"S	52°12' 41.7"W	Xingu - Amazon	65♀ ♂		Simple	38m /sm + 26st/a + 1B		Milhomem et al. (2010)
		Forquetinha
	spiniger (Hensel, 1870)	River, Forquetinha, RS,	29°21’43.5’’S	52° 07’39.6’’W		66♀ ♂		Multiple	10m + 16sm + 14st + 26a		Takagui et al. (2023)
		Brazil
	spiniger	Quadros Lagoon, RS, Brazil	29°21’43.5’’S	52° 07’39.6’’W		66♀ ♂		Multiple	10m + 16sm + 14st + 26a		Takagui et al. (2023)
		Forquetinha									Rubert et al. (2016). Report-
	spiniger	River, Forquetinha, RS,	29°21'43.5"S	52°07'39.6"W		66♀ ♂	92	Multiple	10m + 16sm + 40st/a		ed as Hypostomus commersoni, corrected in Takagui et
		Brazil									al. (2023)
	strigaticeps (Regan, 1908)					74♀ ♂	86		8m + 4sm + 62st/a		Michele et al. (1977). Reported as Plecostomus macrops
	strigaticeps				Paranapanema	72♀ ♂	98	Multiple	10m + 16sm + 46st/a		Rubert et al. (2011)
	strigaticeps	CorumbataÍ River, SP, Brazil				74♀ ♂		Multiple	10m + 14sm + 14st + 36a		Alves et al. (2012b)
	strigaticeps	IvaÍ River, Floresta, PR, Brazil				72♀ ♂		Multiple	10m + 14sm + 18st + 30a		Endo et al. (2012)
	strigaticeps	Piquiri River, Brazil				72♀ ♂		Multiple	12m + 12sm + 18st + 30a		Bueno et al. (2013)
	strigaticeps	Água Boa stream, Mundo Novo, MS, Brazil				72♀ ♂	122	Multiple	12m + 18sm + 20st + 22a		Fernandes et al. (2012)
	strigaticeps	Hortelã stream, Botucatu, SP, Brazil	22°56'28.9"S	48°35'03.2"W		72♀ ♂		Multiple	10m + 18sm + 18st + 26a		Pansonato-Alves et al. (2013)
	strigaticeps	Piquiri River, Nova Laranjeiras, Brazil	24°56'54.0"S	52°35'49.0"W		72♀ ♂		Multiple	12m + 12sm + 18st + 30a		Bueno et al. (2014)
	strigaticeps	Atlântico stream, PR, Brazil	23°18'13.0"S	52°01'51.0"W	Paraná	72♀ ♂		Multiple	12m + 12sm + 18st + 30a		Baumgärtner et al. (2014)
	strigaticeps	Piquiri River, PR, Brazil	24°56'54.0"S	52°35'49.0"W	Paraná	72♀ ♂		Multiple	12m + 12sm + 18st + 30a		Baumgärtner et al. (2014)
	strigaticeps	Paraná River, PR, Brazil	24°48' 43.0"S	54°19' 16.0"W	Paraná	72♀ ♂		Multiple	12m + 12sm + 18st + 30a		Baumgärtner et al. (2014)
	strigaticeps	Iguassu River, PR, Brazil	25°39' 02.0"S	54°27'25.0"W	Paraná	72♀ ♂		Multiple	12m + 12sm + 18st + 30a		Baumgärtner et al. (2014)
		Mogi Guaçu
	strigaticeps	River, Pirassununga, SP,	21°55' 37.7"S	47°22'02.6"W		72♀ ♂	98	Simple	10m + 16sm + 46st/a		Rubert et al. (2016)
		Brazil
		Mogi Guaçu
	strigaticeps	River, Pirassununga, SP,				72♀ ♂	102	Simple	12m + 18sm + 42st/a		Lorscheider et al. (2015)
		Brazil
		Mogi Guaçu
	strigaticeps	River, Pirassununga, SP,				72♀ ♂	102	Simple	12m + 18sm + 42st/a		Artoni, Bertollo (1996). Reported as Hypostomus sp. B
		Brazil
Hypostomus	tapijara Oyakawa, Akama & Zanata, 2005	Ribeira de Iguape River, Registro, SP, Brazil				66♀ ♂	118	Multiple	14m + 24sm + 14st + 14a		Traldi et al. (2013)
	tietensis (Ihering, 1905)	PiraÍ River, Brazil	23°22' 22.0"S	47°22' 13.0"W	Paraná	72♀ ♂	108	Simple	8m + 8sm + 20st + 36a		Anjos et al. (2020)
	tietensis	PiraÍ River, Brazil	23°22' 22.0"S	47°22' 13.0"W	Paraná	72♀ ♂	109	Simple	8m + 8sm + 20st + 36a		Paula et al. (2022)
		Mogi Guaçu
	topavae (Godoy, 1969)	River, Pirassununga, SP,				80♀ ♂	104	Multiple	8m + 16sm + 56st/a		Artoni, Bertollo (1996). Reported as Hypostomus sp. E
		Brazil
		Mogi Guaçu
	topavae	River, Pirassununga, SP,				80♀ ♂	104	Multiple	8m + 16sm + 56st/a		Lorscheider et al. (2015)
		Brazil
	topavae	Piquiri River, Nova Laranjeiras, PR, Brazil				80♀ ♂			14m + 10sm + 26st + 30a		Bueno et al. (2012)
	topavae	Piquiri River, PR, Brazil				80♀ ♂		Simple	14m + 10sm + 26st + 30a		Bueno et al. (2013)
	topavae	Piquiri River, Nova Laranjeiras, PR, Brazil	24°56'54.0"S	52°35' 49.0"W	Paraná	80♀ ♂		Simple	14m + 10sm + 26st + 30a		Bueno et al. (2014)
	topavae	Keller River, Brazil	23°38' 25.9"S	51°51' 32.8"W		80♀ ♂	142	Multiple	14m + 30sm + 18st + 18a		Kamei et al. (2017)
	unae (Steindachner, 1878)					76♀ ♂			10m + 20sm + 46st/a		Anjos et al. (2020)
Lasiancistrus	schomburgkii (Günther, 1864)	Massangana River, Brazil	9°80′48″S*	63°08′90″W*	Amazon	54♀ ♂	108	Simple	28m + 16sm + 10st		Mariotto et al. (2019)
	sp.	Cachoeira River, Brazil	14°64′66″S*	52°35′50″W*	Tocantins-Araguaia	54♀ ♂	108	Simple	28m + 16sm + 10st		Mariotto et al. (2019)
Megalancistrus	sp.	Cuiabá River, Brazil	15°62′90″S*	56°08′70″W*	Paraguai	52♀ ♂	104	Simple	28m + 16sm + 8st		Mariotto et al. (2019)
	parananus (Peters, 1881)	Piquiri River, Nova Laranjeiras, PR, Brazil				52♀ ♂		Simple	18m + 24sm + 10st		Bueno et al. (2018)
		Camarapi River,
Panaqolus	sp.	Portel, PA,				52♀ ♂		Simple	24m + 18sm + 10st/a		Ayres-Alves et al. (2017)
		Brazil
	tankei Cramer & Sousa, 2016	Xingu River, Brazil				52♀ ♂	104	Simple	6m + 38sm + 8st		Ferreira et al. (2021)
	armbrusteri Lujan, Hidalgo & Stewart, 2010	Xingu River,
Panaque		Altamira, PA,				52♀ ♂		Simple	26m + 20sm + 6st/a		Ayres-Alves et al. (2017)
		Brazil
		Gorgulho da
	armbrusteri	Rita, Altamira,				52♀ ♂		Simple	26m + 20sm + 6st/a		Ayres-Alves et al. (2017)
		PA, Brazil
		Araguaia River,
	cf. nigrolineatus	Barra do Garças,				52♀ ♂		Simple	26m + 20sm + 6st/a		Artoni, Bertollo (2001)
Peckoltia	cavatica Armbruster & Werneke, 2005	PA, Brazil				52♀ ♂		Simple	38m /sm + 14st		Pety et al. (2018)
	multispinis (Holly, 1929)	PA, Brazil				52♀ ♂		Simple	28m /sm + 24st		Pety et al. (2018)
	oligospila (Günther, 1864)	PA, Brazil				52♀ ♂		Multiple	38m /sm + 14st		Pety et al. (2018)
	sabaji Armbruster, 2003	PA, Brazil				52♀ ♂		Multiple	38m /sm + 14st		Pety et al. (2018)
	sp. 1 Jari river	Jari River, Monte Dourado, PA, Brazil	03°18'14.9"N	52°03'29.3"W		52♀ ♂	102	Multiple	44m /sm + 6st + 2a + 1B		Souza et al. (2009)
		Jari River,
	sp. 2 Jari river	Monte Dourado,	03°18'14.9"N	52°03'29.3"W		52♀ ♂	102		32m /sm + 18st + 2a		Souza et al. (2009)
		PA, Brazil
	sp. 3 Jarumã	Abaetuba, PA, Brazil	1°42'41.9"S	48°51'45.9"W		52♀ ♂		Simple	46m /sm + 6st		Silva et al. (2021)
	sp. 4 Caripetuba	Abaetuba, PA, Brazil	1°37' 23.5"S	48°55'33.0"W		52♀ ♂		Multiple	40m /sm + 12st		Silva et al. (2021)
	vittata (Steindachner, 1881)	Xingu River, Altamira, PA, Brazil	03°12'4"N	52°12' 41.7"W		52♀ ♂	102	Simple	16m + 20sm + 14st + 2a		Souza et al. (2009)
	vittata	PA, Brazil				52♀ ♂		Simple	32m /sm + 18st + 2a		Pety et al. (2018)
Pseudacanthicus	leopardus (Fowler, 1914)	Xingu River, Brazil			Xingu - Amazon	52♀ ♂	104	Simple	18m + 34sm		Santos da Silva et al. (2022b)
	sp.	Xingu River, Brazil			Xingu - Amazon	52♀ ♂	104	Simple	18m + 34sm		Santos da Silva et al. (2022b)
	spinosus (Castelnau, 1855)	Tocantins River, Brazil			Tocantins-Araguaia	52♀ ♂	104	Simple	18m + 34sm		Santos da Silva et al. (2022b)
Pterygoplichthys	ambrosettii (Holmberg, 1893)	Preto River, Mirassolândia, SP, Brazil				52♀ ♂		Simple	16m + 24sm + 8st + 4a		Artoni et al. (1999 b). Reported as Liposarcus anisitsi
	ambrosettii	Tietê River, Botucatu, SP, Brazil				52♀ ♂		Simple	28m + 12sm + 8st + 4a		Alves et al. (2006). Reported as Liposarcus anisitsi
Pterygoplichthys	ambrosettii	Miranda River, MS, Brazil				52♀♂		Simple	8m + 14sm + 14st + 16a		Alves et al. (2006). Reported as Liposarcus anisitsi
	ambrosettii	Agua Boa stream, Brazil	23°50' 16.7"S	54°20' 55.5"W		52♀♂	100	Simple	14m + 26sm + 8st + 4a		Fernandes et al. (2015).Reported as Pterygoplichthys anisitsi
	ambrosettii	Paraná River, GuaÍra, PR, Brazil				52♀♂		Simple	16m + 24sm + 8st + 4a		Bueno et al., 2018
	chrysostiktos (Birindelli, Zanata & Lima, 2007)					52♀♂		Simple	22m + 20sm + 10st		Anjos et al. (2020). Reported as Hypostomus chrysostiktos
	gibbiceps (Kner, 1854)	Orinoco River, Venezuela				52♀♂		Simple	20m + 24sm + 8st		Alves et al. (2006). Reported as Glyptoperichthys gibbiceps
		Quatro Bocas
	joselimaianus (Weber, 1991)	Lake, Araguaiana, MT,	15°23'20.1"S	51°42' 45.9"W		52♀♂		Simple	28m + 16sm + 8st/a		Oliveira et al. (2006)
		Brazil
	multiradiatus (Hancock, 1828)	Orinoco River, Venezuela				52♀♂		Simple	22m + 18sm + 12st		Alves et al. (2006). Reported as Liposarcus multiradiatus
	multiradiatus	Orinoco River, Venezuela				52♀♂		Simple	22m + 18sm + 12st		Alves et al. (2012a). Reported as Liposarcus multiradiatus
		Porto dos Mila-
	pardalis (Castelnau, 1855)	gres, Amazonas River,Santarém,				52♀♂		Simple	18m + 18sm + 8st + 8a		Guimarães et al. (2023)
		PA, Brazil
		Arapixuna, Am-
	pardalis	azonas River, Santarém, PA,				52♀♂		Simple	18m + 18sm + 8st + 8a		Guimarães et al. (2023)
		Brazil
		Grande Lake,
	pardalis	Amazonas River, Santarém,				52♀♂		Simple	18m + 18sm + 8st + 8a		Guimarães et al. (2023)
		PA, Brazil
		Pacoval Lake,
	pardalis	Amazonas River, Santarém,				52♀♂		Simple	18m + 18sm + 8st + 8a		Guimarães et al. (2023)
		PA, Brazil
Scobinancistrus	aureatus Burgess, Xingu River, 1994 Brazil				Xingu-Amazon	52♀♂		Simple	22m + 20sm + 10st		Cardoso et al. (2013)
	aureatus	Xingu River, Brazil			Xingu-Amazon	52♀♂		Simple	22m + 20sm + 10st		Ayres-Alves et al. (2017)
		Xingu River,
	aureatus	Belo Monte hydroeletric plant,	3°06' 12.8"S	51°43'53.9"W		52♀♂			24m + 18sm + 10st		Almeida et al. (2023)
		Brazil
		Xingu River,
	aureatus	Gorgulho da	3°20'06.2"S	52°10' 32.9"W		52♀♂			24m + 18sm + 10st		Almeida et al. (2023)
		Rita, Brazil
	pariolispos Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1989	Xingu River, Brazil			Xingu-Amazon	52♀♂		Simple	24m + 18sm + 10st		Cardoso et al. (2013)
	pariolispos	Xingu River, Brazil			Xingu-Amazon	52♀♂		Simple	24m + 18sm + 10st		Ayres-Alves et al. (2017)
		Xingu River,
	pariolispos	Belo Monte hydroeletric plant,	3°06' 12.8"S	51°43'53.9"W		52♀♂			22m + 20sm + 10st		Almeida et al. (2023)
		Brazil
Transancistrus	santarosensis (Tan & Armbruster, 2012)	RÍo Dos Bocas, RÍo Palenque, Ecuador				54♀♂	106	Multiple	25m + 27sm + 2a ♀, 26m + 26sm + 2a ♂	ZZ/ZW	Tursellino et al. (2023)
Delturinae
Hemipsilichthys	sp.	Paraitinga River, Brazil	22°52' 22.5"S	44°51' 00.4"W	ParaÍba do Sul	96♀♂	120		16m + 8sm + 72a		Kavalco et al. (2004). Reported as Upsilodus sp.
	sp.	Paraitinga River, Brazil	22°52' 22.5"S	44°51'00.4"W	ParaÍba do Sul	96♀♂	120	Simple	16m + 8sm + 72a		Kavalco et al. (2005)
	n. sp.	Patos River, Lapa, PR, Brazil				54♀♂			20m + 30sm + 4st		Alves et al. (2005)
Rhinelepinae
Pogonopoma	wertheimeri (Steindachner, 1867)	MucurÍ River, Taquarinha, BA, Brazil				54♀♂		Multiple	20m + 30sm + 4st		Artoni, Bertollo (2001)
Rhinelepis	aspera Spix & Agassiz, 1829	Paraná River, GuaÍra, PR, Brazil				54♀♂		Simple	20m + 26sm + 8st		Artoni, Bertollo (2001).Reported as Rhinelepis aspera
		Paraná River,
	aspera	Porto Rico, PR,				54♀♂		Simple	24m + 18sm + 12st		Endo et al. (2012)
		Brazil
		Paraná River,
	aspera	Santa Helena,				54♀♂		Simple	20m + 26sm + 8st		Bueno et al. (2018)
		PR, Brazil