Macroevolutionary trends of brain mass in Primates Author Melchionna, M. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy Author Mondanaro, A. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy & Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Italy Author Serio, C. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy Author Castiglione, S. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy Author Febbraro, M. Di Author Rook, L. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Italy Author Diniz-Filho, J. A. F. Departamento de Ecologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil Author Manzi, G. Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Author Profico, A. Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Author Sansalone, G. Department of Environmental and Rural Sciences, FEARlab, University of New England, Armidale, 2351, NSW, Australia Author Raia, P. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy text Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 2020 2019-09-17 129 14 25 journal article 10.1093/biolinnean/blz161 0024-4082 7849205

Table 4. Evolutionary trends through time for endocranial volume (ECV), for Primates (A) and single Primate clades (B and C)

A. Temporal trends in Primate ECV
Slope = regression slope; P = significance level assessed by contrasting the real slope to slopes derived from Brownian motion simulations; P marginal means difference = P value for the difference in marginal means contrasting single Primate clades to all other Primates; slope difference = the difference between regression slopes for single clades contrasted to the slope obtained for all other Primates; P slope difference = P for the difference in slopes between single clades and the other Primates.
	Slope		P
ECV	0.006		<0.001
ECV evolutionary rates	0.006		<0.001
B. Temporal trends in single clades ECV
	Slope	P	Marginal means	P marginal
			difference	means
				difference
Hominins	0.163	<0.001	0.121	<0.001
Hylobatidae	0.080	<0.001	0.048	0.000
Macaca	0.073	<0.001	0.018	0.032
Cercopithecus + Erythr	0.046	<0.001	0.028	<0.001
ocebus + Chlorocebus
Lorisoidea	0.004	<0.001	−0.002	0.807
Saguinus	0.037	<0.001	−0.006	0.633
C. Temporal trend in single clades ECV evolutionary rates
	Marginal means	P marginal means	Slope difference	P slope
	difference	difference		difference
Hominins	0.090	0.000	0.027	<0.001
Hylobatidae	−0.017	0.123	0.001	0.893
Macaca	−0.015	0.057	0.003	0.357
Cercopithecus + Erythr	−0.016	0.032	0.003	0.238
ocebus + Chlorocebus
Lorisoidea	−0.018	0.045	0.000	0.952
Saguinus	−0.021	0.047	−0.001	0.833