Terrestrial adaptations in the Anomura (Crustacea: Decapoda) Author Greenaway, P. School of Biological Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia p.greenaway@unsw.edu.au text Memoirs of Museum Victoria 2003 2003-12-31 60 1 13 26 https://museumsvictoria.com.au/collections-research/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/volume-60-issue-1-2003/pages-13-26/ journal article 10.24199/j.mmv.2003.60.3 1447-2554 10665487

Table 1. Origin of terrestrial anomurans. T 1 are aquatic and can survive brief emersion with some limited degree of terrestrial activity. T 2 are amphibious and voluntarily active out of water for substantial periods e.g. air-breathing intertidal crustaceans. T 3 are amphibious species resident, and principally active, on land but which require regular immersion in standing water (often in burrows) and water is required for breeding (e.g. supralittoral species and amphibious freshwater forms). T 4 are terrestrial species which do not require immersion in standing water but which need periodic access to water for reproduction (from Greenaway, 1999). Fossil data from Glaessner (1969).

Infraorder Anomura	Terrestriality	Earliest Fossil
Superfamily Coenobitoidea
Family Coenobitidae	T3 – T4	Lower Miocene
Family Diogenidae	T1 – T3	Upper Cretaceous
Superfamily Galatheoidea
Family Porcellanidae	T1	Upper Cretaceous