Convergent evolution of dark, ultraviolet-absorbing cuticular pigmentation in a new Afro-Oriental Echiniscus brunus species complex (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae)
Author
Dey, Pritam K.
Department of Invertebrate Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30 - 387 Kraków, Poland & Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30 - 348 Kraków, Poland & Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5 - 7, DK- 1350, Universitetsparken 15, DK- 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
Author
Gąsiorek, Piotr
Department of Invertebrate Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30 - 387 Kraków, Poland & Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5 - 7, DK- 1350, Universitetsparken 15, DK- 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
piotr.lukas.gasiorek@gmail.com
Author
Michalczyk, Łukasz
Department of Invertebrate Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30 - 387 Kraków, Poland
piotr.lukas.gasiorek@gmail.com
text
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2024
2023-10-16
200
1
34
59
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad132
journal article
287310
10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad132
e3f0217a-27c4-4c17-bc76-b6bdb0118650
0024-4082
10470646
1FB8839E-9C7D-4B5D-A35C-BED4249BAF77C
Table 2. Measurements (in micrometres) of selected morphological structures of adult females of Echiniscus brunus sp. nov. (type series) mounted in Hoyer’s medium. Abbreviation: sp, the proportion between the length of a given structure and the length of the scapular plate.| Character | N | Range | | Mean | | SD | | Holotype | | N | Range | | Mean | | SD | |
|---|
| | Length (µm) | sp | Length (µm) | sp | Length (µm) | sp | Length (µm) | sp | | Length (µm) | sp | Length (µm) | sp | Length (µm) | sp |
|---|
| Body length | 8 | 231–298 | 400–511 | 266 | 458 | 26 | 39 | 298 | 475 | 9 | 121–226 | 378–476 | 178 | 429 | 33 | 31 |
|---|
| Scapular plate length | 8 | 51.6–64.7 | – | 58.3 | – | 4.3 | – | 62.7 | – | 9 | 32.0–51.7 | – | 41.4 | – | 6.5 | – |
|---|
| Head appendage lengths | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Cirrus internus | 8 | 9.7–13.5 | 16.4–20.9 | 11.0 | 18.9 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 10.3 | 16.4 | 6 | 6.1–9.6 | 15.3–18.6 | 7.5 | 16.6 | 1.2 | 1.2 |
|---|
| Cephalic papilla | 8 | 7.2–9.4 | 11.5–16.0 | 8.1 | 14.0 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 7.2 | 11.5 | 9 | 4.9–7.0 | 12.0–16.8 | 6.0 | 14.7 | 0.7 | 1.4 |
|---|
| Cirrus externus | 6 | 14.4–18.8 | 25.3–30.0 | 16.1 | 27.7 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 18.8 | 30.0 | 7 | 8.6–13.1 | 21.8–26.2 | 10.3 | 23.5 | 1.8 | 1.8 |
|---|
| Clava | 8 | 5.5–6.8 | 9.2–11.5 | 6.2 | 10.6 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 6.8 | 10.8 | 9 | 3.1–5.9 | 9.7–12.4 | 4.5 | 10.8 | 0.9 | 0.8 |
|---|
| Cirrus A | 8 | 12.5–19.4 | 22.5–32.4 | 16.7 | 28.5 | 2.5 | 3.5 | 18.8 | 30.0 | 8 | 7.0–14.1 | 21.9–32.7 | 11.5 | 27.2 | 2.5 | 3.5 |
|---|
| Cirrus A:body length ratio | 8 | 5%–7% | – | 6% | – | 1% | – | 6% | – | 8 | 5%–7% | – | 6% | – | 1% | – |
|---|
| Body appendage lengths | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Spine on leg I length | 7 | 2.6–3.2 | 4.5–5.3 | 2.9 | 4.9 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 2.8 | 4.5 | 8 | 1.5–2.8 | 4.1–5.6 | 2.1 | 4.9 | 0.4 | 0.5 |
|---|
| Papilla on leg IV length | 8 | 3.5–5.2 | 6.3–8.7 | 4.4 | 7.6 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 5.2 | 8.3 | 9 | 2.4–4.0 | 6.9–8.4 | 3.2 | 7.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
|---|
| Number of teeth on the collar | 7 | 8–11 | – | 9.0 | – | 1.2 | – | 8 | – | 6 | 5–7 | – | 6.0 | – | 0.9 | – |
|---|
| Claw I heights |
|---|
| Branch | 8 | 15.5–19.6 | 28.0–33.6 | 17.4 | 29.8 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 18.6 | 29.7 | 9 | 8.6–15.2 | 25.8–31.3 | 11.5 | 27.7 | 2.3 | 1.8 |
|---|
| Spur | 5 | 2.4–3.3 | 4.7–5.5 | 2.8 | 4.9 | 0.4 | 0.4 | ? | ? | 2 | 1.7–1.8 | 4.0–4.9 | 1.8 | 4.4 | 0.1 | 0.7 |
|---|
| Spur:branch height ratio | 5 | 15%–19% | – | 17% | – | 1% | – | ? | – | 2 | 15%–19% | – | 17% | – | 3% | – |
|---|
| Claw II heights | | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Branch | 7 | 14.8–19.1 | 27.2–32.8 | 16.8 | 28.8 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 18.7 | 29.8 | 9 | 8.4–14.3 | 25.8–29.2 | 11.1 | 26.6 | 2.1 | 1.1 |
|---|
| Spur | 6 | 2.2–3.1 | 3.9–5.3 | 2.6 | 4.6 | 0.4 | 0.6 | ? | ? | 8 | 1.4–2.2 | 4.1–4.6 | 1.8 | 4.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
|---|
| Spur:branch height ratio | 6 | 14%–18% | – | 16% | – | 2% | – | ? | – | 8 | 15%–18% | – | 16% | – | 1% | – |
|---|
| Claw III heights | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Branch | 8 | 14.8–19.1 | 26.7–32.8 | 16.5 | 28.3 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 17.5 | 27.9 | 9 | 7.7–14.1 | 23.5–29.2 | 10.9 | 26.2 | 2.1 | 1.8 |
|---|
| Spur | 4 | 2.5–3.0 | 4.2–4.6 | 2.7 | 4.5 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 2.9 | 4.6 | 4 | 1.5–1.9 | 3.7–4.6 | 1.8 | 4.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 |
|---|
| Spur:branch height ratio | 4 | 15%–17% | – | 17% | – | 1% | – | 17% | – | 4 | 13%–18% | – | 15% | – | 2% | – |
|---|
| Claw IV heights |
|---|
| Branch | 8 | 16.3–20.8 | 30.0–35.7 | 18.4 | 31.6 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 19.8 | 31.6 | 9 | 9.5–16.3 | 27.2–33.6 | 12.5 | 30.1 | 2.4 | 1.9 |
|---|
| Spur | 5 | 3.2–3.9 | 5.3–6.5 | 3.5 | 6.0 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 3.9 | 6.2 | 5 | 1.8–2.6 | 5.1–6.4 | 2.2 | 5.7 | 0.3 | 0.5 |
|---|
| Spur:branch height ratio | 5 | 17%–20% | – | 19% | – | 1% | – | 20% | – | 5 | 19%–22% | – | 19% | – | 2% | – |
|---|