A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical electric fish genus Brachyhypopomus (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae), with descriptions of 15 new species
Author
Crampton, William G. R.
Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, PO Box 162368, Florida, 32816 - 2368, USA.
crampton@ucf.edu
Author
Santana, Carlos D. de
Division of Fishes, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, 10 th and Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20560 - 0159, USA.
apteronotidae@ig.com.br
Author
Waddell, Joseph C.
Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, PO Box 162368, Florida, 32816 - 2368, USA.
joecwaddell@knights.ucf.edu
Author
Lovejoy, Nathan R.
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M 1 C 1 A 5, Canada
lovejoy@utsc.utoronto.ca
text
Neotropical Ichthyology
2016
e 150146
2016-12-31
14
4
639
790
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20150146
journal article
10.1590/1982-0224-20150146
1982-0224
13331233
Table 16. Morphometrics for Brachyhypopomus occidentalis. ST., largest syntype specimen; SD, standard deviation; drs., drainages. Ranges for the type region refer to syntype and non-type specimens from Pacific drs. of Colombia (río San Juan and Baudó drs., Chocó). Ranges for Panama populations refer to non-type specimens grouped into four regions:Atlantic – East = río Mandinga and Cartí drs.;Atlantic – West = río Cricamola dr. (and río Carbón dr. of Costa Rica); Pacific – East = río Bayano, río Mamoni and adjacent drs. Ranges for the populations grouped under lago Maracaibo drainages refer to non-type specimens from the río El Quebradón, Motatán, and San Juan drs. of Venezuela. | Colombian Pacific drs. (type region) | Panama: Atlantic - East | Panama: Atlantic - West | Panama: Pacific - East | | Lago Maracaibo drainage |
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| ST | Range | Mean | SD | n | Range | Mean | SD | n | Range | Mean | SD | n | Range | Mean | SD | n | Range | Mean | SD | n |
|---|
| Total length (TL) (mm) | 147 | 75-204 | 127 | 35.1 | 14 | 81-131 | 113 | 14.3 | 11 | 99-206 | 144 | 31.5 | 14 | 97-161 | 136 | 24.4 | 5 | 80-166 | 123 | 24.9 | 13 |
|---|
| Length to end of anal fin (LEA) (mm) | | 63-168 | 106 | 29.1 | 14 | 69-112 | 96 | 11.8 | 12 | 81-171 | 122 | 24.3 | 15 | 82-140 | 118 | 21.9 | 5 | 67-132 | 101 | 20.5 | 15 |
|---|
| Head length (HL) (mm) | 14.6 | 8.2-16.2 | 11.7 | 2.2 | 17 | 8.4-13.1 | 11.3 | 1.2 | 13 | 10.4-21.6 | 14.3 | 2.9 | 15 | 10.3-15.5 | 13.2 | 2.0 | 5 | 8.3-13.4 | 11.0 | 1.6 | 15 |
|---|
| Proportion of TL (%) |
|---|
| Caudal filament length (CF) | | 14.1-21.6 | 17.3 | 2.5 | 14 | 12.8-17.0 | 14.7 | 1.3 | 11 | 11.8-19.7 | 16.1 | 2.4 | 13 | 10.3-15.5 | 13.2 | 2.0 | 5 | 12.1-23.5 | 19.1 | 3.5 | 13 |
|---|
| Proportion of LEA (%) |
|---|
| Head length (HL) | | 9.6-13.0 | 11.1 | 0.9 | 14 | 11.1-12.6 | 11.9 | 0.4 | 12 | 10.4-12.8 | 11.7 | 0.7 | 15 | 10.3-11.5 | 10.8 | 0.5 | 5 | 9.5-12.6 | 11.0 | 0.9 | 15 |
|---|
| Snout to occiput (SO) | | 8.1-10.5 | 9.4 | 0.7 | 12 | 8.9-10.6 | 9.5 | 0.5 | 12 | 9.3-11.1 | 9.9 | 0.6 | 15 | 8.1-9.5 | 8.8 | 0.6 | 4 | 8.2-10.3 | 9.1 | 0.6 | 15 |
|---|
| Snout to anal-fin origin (SA) | | 15.2-23.2 | 18.9 | 2.1 | 14 | 18.5-23.5 | 20.0 | 1.4 | 12 | 18.0-21.9 | 19.3 | 0.9 | 15 | 17.8-20.1 | 18.9 | 1.1 | 5 | 16.4-20.3 | 18.6 | 1.2 | 15 |
|---|
| Snout to pectoral-fin base (PP) | | 10.4-14.8 | 12.5 | 1.1 | 14 | 12.4-14.2 | 13.3 | 0.5 | 12 | 11.6-14.1 | 12.7 | 0.7 | 15 | 11.7-13.5 | 12.3 | 0.7 | 5 | 10.6-14.0 | 12.3 | 1.0 | 15 |
|---|
| Longest pectoral-fin ray (PRL) | | 4.5-6.2 | 5.4 | 0.5 | 13 | 4.5-5.8 | 5.1 | 0.5 | 12 | 4.1-5.9 | 5.0 | 0.5 | 15 | 4.7-5.6 | 5.2 | 0.3 | 5 | 4.0-5.8 | 5.1 | 0.5 | 15 |
|---|
| Anal fin length (AF) | | 76.8-84.0 | 80.9 | 2.2 | 14 | 77.5-83.2 | 80.9 | 1.7 | 12 | 77.5-83.7 | 80.6 | 1.8 | 15 | 80.3-84.5 | 81.9 | 1.7 | 5 | 73.5-83.7 | 80.8 | 2.4 | 15 |
|---|
| Longest anal-fin ray (ARL) | | 3.9-5.1 | 4.5 | 0.4 | 14 | 4.0-5.0 | 4.4 | 0.3 | 12 | 3.4-7.1 | 4.3 | 0.8 | 15 | 3.7-4.6 | 4.3 | 0.5 | 5 | 3.4-5.4 | 4.3 | 0.5 | 15 |
|---|
| Body depth at anal-fin origin (BD1) | | 8.7-12.5 | 10.8 | 1.1 | 14 | 10.0-12.3 | 11.0 | 0.8 | 12 | 8.8-12.0 | 10.6 | 0.9 | 15 | 10.4-12.0 | 11.2 | 0.7 | 5 | 9.5-12.3 | 11.3 | 0.7 | 15 |
|---|
| Body width at anal-fin origin (BW1) | | 5.1-8.2 | 6.1 | 0.9 | 14 | 5.2-6.7 | 6.0 | 0.5 | 12 | 4.6-7.0 | 5.8 | 0.6 | 15 | 5.7-6.7 | 6.1 | 0.4 | 5 | 5.6-7.2 | 6.5 | 0.5 | 15 |
|---|
| Body depth at anal-fin middle (BD2) | | 8.6-11.3 | 9.5 | 0.8 | 14 | 8.5-10.8 | 9.3 | 0.7 | 12 | 8.0-10.6 | 9.7 | 0.8 | 15 | 9.1-11.5 | 10.4 | 0.9 | 5 | 7.8-11.5 | 10.3 | 0.9 | 15 |
|---|
| Body width at anal-fin middle (BW2) | | 2.1-4.0 | 2.8 | 0.6 | 14 | 2.2-3.3 | 2.7 | 0.3 | 12 | 2.0-3.5 | 3.0 | 0.3 | 15 | 2.6-3.5 | 3.2 | 0.3 | 5 | 2.5-4.1 | 3.5 | 0.5 | 15 |
|---|
| Caudal filament length (CF) | | 16.4-27.6 | 21.0 | 3.7 | 14 | 15.5-20.5 | 17.5 | 1.7 | 11 | 13.4-24.5 | 19.3 | 3.5 | 13 | 11.5-18.3 | 15.3 | 2.6 | 5 | 13.8-30.7 | 23.7 | 5.3 | 13 |
|---|
| Proportion of HL (%) |
|---|
| Preorbital distance (PR) | 32.1 | 26.0-32.1 | 27.8 | 1.8 | 14 | 24.8-28.3 | 26.2 | 1.0 | 13 | 27.2-32.6 | 29.9 | 1.5 | 15 | 26.4-29.2 | 28.0 | 1.1 | 7 | 22.7-28.4 | 26.1 | 1.6 | 15 |
|---|
| Mouth width (MW) | 27.4 | 18.8-34.6 | 27.0 | 3.7 | 15 | 25.0-30.3 | 27.6 | 1.8 | 13 | 18.6-26.9 | 23.1 | 2.4 | 15 | 25.3-28.5 | 26.7 | 1.5 | 7 | 21.3-29.6 | 26.0 | 2.5 | 15 |
|---|
| Internarial distance (AE) | 20.3 | 18.9-28.2 | 22.3 | 2.7 | 15 | 17.1-21.4 | 19.2 | 1.3 | 13 | 19.9-23.4 | 21.3 | 1.0 | 15 | 19.4-22.2 | 20.7 | 0.9 | 7 | 19.2-24.6 | 21.6 | 1.5 | 15 |
|---|
| Posterior naris to eye (PE) | 7.5 | 3.9-7.5 | 5.5 | 1.0 | 15 | 5.2-7.6 | 6.5 | 0.7 | 13 | 6.3-10.4 | 8.3 | 1.1 | 15 | 7.4-8.8 | 8.0 | 0.6 | 7 | 3.1-8.0 | 6.1 | 1.4 | 15 |
|---|
| Orbital diameter (OD) | 8.9 | 8.9-12.6 | 10.8 | 1.2 | 15 | 10.7-13.5 | 11.7 | 0.9 | 13 | 5.9-11.6 | 9.0 | 1.3 | 15 | 10.4-12.3 | 11.5 | 0.7 | 7 | 10.2-11.7 | 11.0 | 0.5 | 15 |
|---|
| Interorbital distance (IO) | 21.0 | 20.8-30.8 | 24.1 | 2.4 | 14 | 23.5-29.3 | 26.9 | 1.8 | 13 | 20.2-26.8 | 23.5 | 1.7 | 15 | 23.5-29.5 | 26.9 | 2.2 | 7 | 21.2-27.3 | 24.3 | 1.9 | 15 |
|---|
| Head depth at eye (HD1) | 48.8 | 41.8-51.9 | 45.1 | 2.8 | 13 | 43.0-49.4 | 45.3 | 1.9 | 13 | 40.4-49.0 | 43.4 | 2.5 | 15 | 43.8-49.4 | 46.3 | 2.2 | 5 | 42.1-48.8 | 44.9 | 2.2 | 15 |
|---|
| Head width at eye (HW1) | 38.4 | 31.1-50.6 | 40.8 | 5.0 | 15 | 36.9-45.4 | 41.5 | 2.5 | 13 | 32.2-40.8 | 35.7 | 2.6 | 15 | 37.1-42.8 | 39.5 | 2.2 | 5 | 35.9-43.3 | 39.2 | 2.6 | 15 |
|---|
| Head depth at occiput (HD2) | 70.3 | 64.6-85.2 | 72.0 | 4.9 | 13 | 65.9-74.6 | 69.6 | 2.6 | 13 | 59.9-75.9 | 66.9 | 4.1 | 15 | 69.4-75.0 | 72.7 | 2.1 | 5 | 64.3-81.3 | 72.1 | 5.1 | 15 |
|---|
| Head width at occiput (HW2) | 48.8 | 43.9-66.7 | 53.8 | 6.2 | 13 | 52.9-62.0 | 57.2 | 3.1 | 13 | 41.7-54.5 | 47.0 | 3.8 | 15 | 53.0-62.0 | 57.6 | 4.1 | 5 | 48.9-58.7 | 54.7 | 2.7 | 15 |
|---|
| Postorbital distance (PO) | 58.9 | 58.9-69.1 | 62.4 | 2.6 | 15 | 58.6-64.3 | 61.1 | 1.8 | 13 | 58.0-66.7 | 61.6 | 2.6 | 15 | 57.5-65.7 | 63.2 | 2.8 | 7 | 58.7-69.4 | 63.5 | 2.6 | 15 |
|---|
| Branchial aperture (BO) | 22.4 | 22.2-37.5 | 26.5 | 3.5 | 15 | 20.8-28.1 | 25.4 | 1.9 | 13 | 24.1-29.9 | 27.1 | 1.6 | 15 | 21.9-30.3 | 26.4 | 3.2 | 7 | 23.1-32.9 | 28.2 | 2.5 | 15 |
|---|
| Pectoral-fin base (PB) | 11.0 | 9.9-17.3 | 13.4 | 1.9 | 15 | 10.7-14.1 | 12.5 | 1.2 | 13 | 11.9-15.8 | 14.1 | 1.3 | 15 | 12.5-15.3 | 13.9 | 1.0 | 7 | 9.0-18.5 | 13.3 | 2.1 | 15 |
|---|
| Caudal filament depth (CD) | | 14.4-27.7 | 18.5 | 3.4 | 14 | 14.7-20.9 | 18.3 | 1.7 | 12 | 13.8-19.1 | 16.3 | 1.4 | 15 | 17.9-25.0 | 22.3 | 2.7 | 5 | 15.4-28.5 | 19.9 | 3.4 | 15 |
|---|
| Caudal filament width (CW) | | 3.4-9.3 | 6.0 | 1.5 | 14 | 4.9-9.6 | 7.5 | 1.3 | 12 | 4.4-8.8 | 6.4 | 1.3 | 15 | 6.7-9.7 | 8.0 | 1.3 | 5 | 3.8-10.4 | 7.2 | 1.8 | 15 |
|---|
| Other proportions |
|---|
| BW1 (% of BD1) | 52.2 | 48.6-82.1 | 56.9 | 7.7 | 15 | 50.8-57.4 | 55.1 | 2.2 | 13 | 42.4-66.2 | 55.3 | 6.1 | 15 | 45.3-59.4 | 52.5 | 5.3 | 7 | 46.9-67.0 | 57.6 | 5.7 | 15 |
|---|
| BW2 (% of BD2) | 33.3 | 23.7-35.8 | 28.6 | 4.2 | 15 | 24.6-34.4 | 29.5 | 2.8 | 13 | 25.1-35.8 | 31.1 | 2.4 | 15 | 28.1-32.5 | 30.3 | 1.6 | 7 | 28.9-38.3 | 34.3 | 2.6 | 15 |
|---|