Historical biogeography of North American killifishes (Cyprinodontiformes) recapitulates geographical history in the Gulf of México watershed Author Hernández-Ávila, Sonia Gabriela Programa de Licenciatura, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Libramiento Norte Poniente No. 1150, Colonia Lajas Maciel, C. P. 29039, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México & Maestría en Ciencias en Biodiversidad y Conservación de Ecosistemas Tropicales, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México Author Hoagstrom, Christopher W. Department of Zoology, Weber State University, 1415 Edvalson, Ogden, UT, USA Author Matamoros, Wilfredo A. Programa de Licenciatura, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Libramiento Norte Poniente No. 1150, Colonia Lajas Maciel, C. P. 29039, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México & Maestría en Ciencias en Biodiversidad y Conservación de Ecosistemas Tropicales, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México wilmatamoros@yahoo.com text Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2024 2024-10-26 202 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae105 journal volume 306582 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae105 08f5162f-33c1-4ebd-b813-86674778b97c 0024-4082 14508841

Table 2. Divergence estimates with confidence intervals (CIs) for numbered chronogram nodes (Fig. 3) that are evaluated in this study. Environmental events potentially associated with phylogenetic divergences (reciprocal illumination) are provided. Further description is provided in the main text, with references.

Node	Divergence (node)	Age estimate (Mya) (95% highest posterior density CI)	Reciprocal illumination
1	Cyprinodontidae – Fundulidae / Cubanichthyidae– Goodeidae – Profundulidae	52.3 (58.62–45.79)	59.2–47.8 Mya: Tropic of Cancer retracted to 27°N (Nearctic–Neotropical subdivision, ecological diversification) 55.8–55.0 Mya: Gulf of México drawdown (vicariance)
2	Cyprinodontidae / Fundulidae	46.2 (54.77–37.63)	48.2 Mya: North American drainage reorganization (dispersal–vicariance cycle) 47.5, 46.9, and 45.6 Mya: Sea-level minima (vicariance)
3	Cubanichthyidae/ Goodeidae – Profundulidae 45.9 (54.82–35.79)		48.0 Mya: maximum sea level (ice-free world) (dispersal) 47.5, 46.9, and 45.6 Mya: sea-level minima (glaciation) (vicariance)
4	Goodeidae / Profundulidae	30.0 (39.19–21.38)	35.0–25.0 Mya: Chiapas Massif uplift and drainage capture (Profundulidae vicariance) 33.9 Mya: Madrean River capture (Goodeidae vicariance) 31.8 Mya: cyprinodontidae southward immigration (ecological replacement)
5	Profundulus / Tlaloc	22.1 (30.66–14.19)	35.0–25.0 Mya: uplift and erosion of Chiapas Massif foreland captures Upper Río Grijalva (vicariance)
6	Empetrichthyinae/ Goodeinae	17.9 (23.32–12.90)	23.0 Mya: North American drainage reorganization, Great Basin tectonism (vicariance)
7	Characodontini–Ilyodontini/crown Goodeinae	13.4 (16.78–10.25)	14.0–5.0 Mya: San Marcos Fault reactivation (vicariance) 13.6–10.6 Mya: Los Encinos volcanism (San Luis Potosí) (vicariance) 12.0 Mya: Metates Volcanism (Durango) (vicariance)
8	Cyprinodontidae / Floridichthys – Jordanella pulchra	31.8 (42.33–21.61)	33.9–26.0 Mya: Oligocene icehouse (dispersal–vicariance cycle)
9	Cyprinodon – Megupsilon – Jordanella / Cualac	21.9 (29.87–14.61)	27.8–16.0 Mya: Late Oligocene–Early Miocene Chicontepec Basin uplift (vicariance)
10	Jordanella floridae / Megupsilon – Cyprinodon	16.8 (23.27–10.76)	17.0–13.8 Mya: Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum (dispersal–vicariance cycle)
11	Megupsilon / Cyprinodon	10.9 (14.91–7.37)	11.8 Mya: development of Río San Fernando (vicariance)
12	Fundulidae / Leptolucania	30.4 (39.35–22.47)	30.0 Mya: Oligocene oxygen isotope zone 2 (Oi2) sea-level fall (dispersal–vicariance cycle)
13	Fundulus / Wileyichthys – Lucania	24.8 (31.31–19.12)	25.1 Mya: Oligocene oxygen isotope zone 2c (Oi2c) sea-level fall (dispersal–vicariance cycle)
14	Lucania / Wileyichthys	15.29 (30.72–7.47)	23.0 Mya: Basin and Range drainages separate from Río Grande (vicariance)
15	Crown Fundulus main split	20.47 (24.24–17.11)	20.8 Mya: Miocene oxygen isotope zone 1a (Mi1a) sea-level fall (dispersal–vicariance cycle)
16	Fundulus / Fundulus majalis – Fundulus persimilis – Fundulus similis	17.9 (20.98–15.15)	19.7–17.0 Mya: sea-level rise culminating in Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum (dispersal) 15.6 Mya: disjunct Guadalupe River delta arises (vicariance and ecological isolation)
17	Zygonectes / Fundulus sciadicus – Plancterus	16.6 (20.38–12.98)	17.0 Mya: nascent Great Plains ~68% open habitat (ecological isolation)