A study on the taxonomy and distribution of Brahmaea certhia species group (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae) using an integrative approach and websites data Author Beljaev, Еvgeniy A. Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr-t 100 - let Vladivostoka, 159, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia. Author Makhov, Ilya A. Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya embankment, 1, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia text Zootaxa 2025 2025-10-28 5715 1 53 105 https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7 journal article 313678 10.11646/zootaxa.5715.1.7 9f7f0b83-07eb-4d87-b768-3d83bf7ea032 1175-5326 17888816 9E3C40A8-E2C0-47CB-A99D-05C46E33FA5D

TABLE 1. Annotated list of references on the Brahmaea certhia species group in order of the date of publication.

Reference	Brahmaea certhia	Brahmaea tancrei tancrei	Brahmaea tancrei diastemata
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Fabricius 1793:	p. 412: Bombyx certhia [sp. n.]
	(China: “Island of Chusan”)
Bremer & Grey	p. 64: Saturnia lunulata [sp. n.]
1853a:	(China: “Pekin”)
Bremer & Grey	p. 16, pl. 5, fig. 3: Saturnia
1853b:	undulata [nom. n.] (China:
	“Pekin”)
Ménétriès 1859:		pp. 7, 55: Brahmaea lunulata
		(Russia: “à l’emouchure de
		l’Oussouri” [Khabarovskii
		Krai: the mouth of the Ussuri
		River])
Ménétriès 1863:	pl. 15, fig. 5: Brahmaea lunulata
Butler 1866a:	p. 120, fig. 3: Brahmaea petiveri
	sp. n. (China: “Island of Chusan”)
Butler 1866b:	p. 458: Brahmaea petiveri, [syn.
	n.] of Brahmaea lunulata.
Staudinger & Wocke	p. 70: Saturnia lunulata (part.:	p. 70: Saturnia lunulata
1871:	reference of the original	(part., “Amur”, reference of
	description)	Ménétriès 1859).
Staudinger		p. 359: Brahmaea lunulata
1878/1879:		(Russia: “Amur”)
Butler 1880:	p. 188: Brahmaea lunulata [syn.
	n.] of Brahmaea certhia
Butler 1883:	p. 114: Brahmaea carpenteri
	sp. n. (South Korea: “Chosan,
	Harbour” [Busan Port])
Fixsen 1887:	p. 345: Brahmaea lunulata (North
	Korea: “Pung-Tung”) [? Nŭng-
	dong, 38°23′N 127°38′E, ~ 4
	km SE of Kimhwa-up, 38°25′N
	127°36′E]
Graeser 1888:		p. 135: Brahmaea lunulata
		(Russia: “Chabarowka”,
		“Wladiwostok”
Leech 1889:	p. 635: Brahmaea certhia [no
	original data].
Kirby 1892:	p. 723: Brahmaea certhia
	(= Saturnia lunulata, Saturnia
	undulata, Brahmaea petiveri)
	(North China); Brahmaea
	carpenteri (Korea)
Staudinger 1892:		p. 325: Brahmaea
		lunulata (Russia: “Amur”,
		“Blagoweschtschensk”,
		“Raddefka”, “Chabarowka”,
		“Bikin”, “Wladiwostok”)
Austaut 1896:		p. 98: Brahmaea lunulata
		var. tancrei var.n. (Russia:
		“qu’arrose le fleuve Amour” [?
		Radde])
Leech 1898:	p. 269: Brahmaea certhia (part.:	p. 269: Brahmaea certhia,
	Korea; Northern and Central	(part.: Russia: “Amurland”)
	China, “Kiukiang” [Jiangxi:
	Jiujiang])
Staudinger & Rebel	p. 128: Brahmaea certhia (part.:	p. 128: Brahmaea certhia
1901:	Korea, China)	(part.: “Amur”, “Ussuri”)
Seitz 1911:	p. 227: Brahmaea certhia F.	p. 227: Brahmaea certhia
	(= undidata Brem. & Grey,	(part.: Russia: “Amurland»);
	petiveri Butl.) (part.: North and	p. 227: Brahmaea certhia
	Central China) [fig. 35c: certhia	carpenteri [?]: “is the often
	apparently depicts a female of	somewhat smaller form from
	Brahmaea ledereri]; p. 227:	Corea, which is not sharply
	[ab.?] lunulata: “such as may	separated”)
	occur everywhere among typical
	specimens”
Conte 1911:	p. 81, pl. 14, fig. 1: Brahmaea		p. 81: Brahmaea ledereri [?]
	certhia (China, Korea: “Nord de		(part.: China: “Shang-Haï”
	la Chine, Corée, île de Chusan”);		[Shanghai])
	Brahmaea сarpenteri [syn. n.]
Strand 1913:	p. 3: Brahmaea certhia (part.:	p. 3: Brahmaea certhia v.	p. 4: Brahmaea ledereri [?]
	China: “Chusan”; South Korea:	tancréi (Russia: “Amur”)	(part.: China: Shanghai)
	“v. Carpenteri Butl. 1883”)
Matsumura 1921:	934 (Japanese), 935 (English), pl.
	64, fig. 1: Brahmaea bicolor sp. n.
	(“Taiwan” [continental China?])
Moltrecht 1929:		p. 35: Brahmaea certhia
		lunulata (Russia: “Ussuri
		region”)
Mell 1930:	337, 342, 344, 346, 349, figs 6, 7	pp. 350, 353: Brahmaea
	(pupa), 8 (wing venation, male),	certhia tancrei —
	28 (valva and uncus): Brahmae a	“geographische Rasse der
	certhia (China: Shanghai, Kuling,	Art” [geographical race
	Mokanshan) p. 350: = Saturnia	of the species] (Russia:
	lunulata, Saturnia undulata,	“Amurgebiet”, “Ussuri”,
	Brahmaea petiveri, Brahmaea	“Wladiwostok”, “Chili”
	carpenteri	[China, Jilin City])
Kurentsov 1939:		p. 162: Brahmaea certhia
		lunulata (Russia: south of Far
		East)
Bryk 1949:	pp. 22, 23: Brahmaea certhia	p. 22: Brahmaea magnificentia	p. 26: Brahmaea ledereri,
	(Korea: “Pung-Tung”, “Fusan”	sp. n. (“Nordkorea, Shuotsu”	Conte (1911) (China:
	[Busan]; China: Shanghai)	[North Korea: Kyŏngsŏng])	Shanghai)?= Brahmaea
			magnificentia
Kurentsov 1965:		p. 23, fig. 10: Brahmaea
		certhia lunulata (Russia: south
		of Far East)
Chu & Wang 1977:	pp. 83 (Chinese), 84 (English),	p. 83, fig. 1 (moth): Brahmaea	p. 83, fig. 2 (moth):
	fig. 4 (moth): Brahmaea	certhia (China: Heilongjiang:	Brahmaea christophi (China:
	porphyria sp. n. (China: Zhejiang,	Yichun, Dailing)	Beijing: Baihuashan);
	Jiangxi, Shanghai, Jiangsu: Wuxi)		83, fig. 3: Brahmaea
			ledereri: (China: Zhejiang:
			Tianmushan)
Yang 1978:	p. 426, text fig. 71 (wing		p. 427, pl. 28, fig. 1 (moth):
	venation), pl. 28, fig. 2 (moth):		Brahmaea undulata (China:
	Brahmaea certhia (China:		Beijing)
	Beijing, Henan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang,
	Shandong, Hubei, Jiangxi,
	Anhui); = Brahmaea petiveri,
	Brahmaea porphyria syn. n.
Nässig 1980:	p. 89: Brahmaea certhia (part.:	p. 89: Brahmaea certhia (part.:
	China); fig. 3 (moth): Brahmaea	“Amurgebiet”)
	certhia (China: Schanghai)
Gromyko 1982:		p. 180: Brahmaea certhia
		lunalata [sic!] (Russia:
		Primorskii Krai: Sikhote-
		Alinskii Narure Reserve)
Zhu & Wang 1983:	p. 415, fig. 2988: Brahmaea	p. 414, fig. 2986: Brahmaea	p. 414, fig. 2985: Brahmaea
	porphyria (China: Zhejiang,	certhia (China: Heilongjiang:	christophi (China: Beijing:
	Jiangxi)	Yichun, Dailing)	Baihuashan); p. 415, fig.
			2987: Brahmaea ledereri
			(Xitianmushan, Zhejiang)
Shchetkin 1984:		p. 280–281, fig. (distributional
		map): Brahmaea certia [the
		applied figure of moths
		is a copy of the figure of
		“ Brahmaea certhia ” (=?
		Brahmaea ledereri) in
		Seitz 1911: pl. 35: c; the
		distributional map is partially
		incorrect]
Kozlov 1985:		p. 106, figs. 2 (male and
		female genitalia), 3–5 (egg,
		larvae, pupa): Brahmaea
		certhia (Russia: S Primorskii
		Krai)
Kuznetzov &		p. 21, fig. 9b: Brahmaea
Stekolnikov 1985:		certhia lunulata (Russia:
		S Primorskii Krai:
		Gornotaezhnoe)
Yoon 1985:	p. 36: Brahmaea certhia (South	p. 37: “it corresponds to
	Korea, Seoul vicinity, short	magnificentia in Bryk (1949)
	description of larva)	and certha (!) in the Atlas
		of Moths of the Chinese
		Academy of Sciences (1983),
		but it has many similar features
		to christophi ” (in Korean)
		(South Korea, Gangwon-do,
		Mt. Seorak, short description
		of larva)
Owada 1987:	p. 121, pl. 51, figs. 11–14 (eggs,	p. 121, pl. 51, figs. 8–10:
	larvae): Brahmaea certhia (South	Brahmaea tancrei (South
	Korea, Seoul vicinity; distributed	Korea, Mt. Seoraksan;
	from southern China to the	distributed in mountainous
	Korean peninsula, and in Korea,	areas in Korea, central and
	this species lives in the plains and	northern China, and southern
	low mountains; the larvae seem	Primorskii Krai; the scientific
	to eat any plant in the Oleaceae	name that should be applied
	family, including Forsythia) (in	to this species is still under
	Japanese)	discussion) (in Japanese)
Sugi 1987:	p. 279: Brahmaea certhia (South	p. 279: Brahmaea tancrei, “the
	Korea)	name may be valid, but the
		application is tentative” (South
		Korea)
Zhang 1988:		pp. 229 (Chinese), 230
		(English), figs 1 (moth),
		2–5 (male genit.): Brahmaea
		jilinneus sp. n. (China: Jilin:
		Huinan)
Nässig & Paukstadt	p. 120: Brahmaea certhia.	p. 120: Brahmaea tancrei,
1990:		“ sensu Sugi et al., 1987”.
Paukstadt & Ragus	pp. 1–30, figs 1 (distributional	pp. 1–30, figs 1 (distributional
1990:	map), 16, 17 (moth): Brahmaea	map), 2–8 (larvaе), 9–11
	certhia (China)	(pupa), 12–15 (moths), 18–27
		(aberrant moths), 28–29 (male
		genitalia): Brahmaea tancrei
		(South Korea)
Yoon 1991:	pp. 29–40, fig. 3 (left) (larva):	p. 29–40 fig. 2, 3 (right)
	Brahmaea certhia	(larvae): Brahmaea tancrei
		(= Brahmaea magnificentia)
Tschistjakov, 1992:		p. 139: Brahmaea tancrei
		(Russia: Amurskaya Oblast:
		Kundur)
Zhang & Yang 1993:	p. 42, figs 3 (male genitalia), 4	p. 50: Brachyghatha jilinensis	pp. 48 (Chinese), 51
	(gnathos): Brahmaea [certhia]	comb. n.	(English), figs 1 (male
			genit.), 2 (gnathos),
			5–6 (moth): Brachyghatha
			diastemata sp. n. (China:
			Shaanxi: Taibaishan:
			Haoping Temple)
Bidzilya & Klyuchko		p. 27: Brahmaea tancrei
1994:		(Russia, Lazovskii Natire
		Reserve)
Zhang & Yang 1994a:	p. 111, figs 1 (uncus), 2 (valva),
	5, 6 (moth): Brahmaea separata
	sp. n. (China: Hubei: Wuchang);
	p. 111, fig. 3 (uncus), 4 (valva), 7,
	8 (moth): Brahmaea recta sp. n.
	(China: Zhejiang: Xitianmushan)
Zhang & Yang	pp. 275 (Chinese), 277 (English),
1994b:	figs. 1, 2 (moth), 3 (valva), 4
	(uncus): Brahmaea goniata sp. n.
	(China: Shaanxi: Zhenan; Henan:
	Lingba; Zhejiang, Xitianmushan).
Nässig 1994:	p. 356: Brahmaea certhia (“this
	species is known from southern
	China”)
Peters 1998:		p. 173, fig. 1 (moth):
		Brahmaea tancrei (Russia:
		“Amurland”)
Park et al. 1999:	p. 175, + fig. of the male	p. 177, + fig. of the male
	genitalia; pl. 14, fig. 94:	genitalia; pl. 15, fig. 95:
	Brahmaea certhia (North Korea	Brahmaea tancrei (North
	and South Korea)	Korea and South Korea)
Zhang et al. 1999:	p. 38: Brahmaea certhia,	p. 38: Brachyghatha jilinneus;	p. 38: Brachyghatha
	Brahmaea porphyria, Brahmaea	fig. 1B, valva: Brachyghatha	diastemata; fig. 1B, wing
	separata, Brahmaea recta,	[Brahmaea tancrei]	venation: Brachyghatha
	Brahmaea goniata; fig. 1A, wing		[diastemata; the figure is
	venation: Brahmaea [the figure		redrawn from Mell 1930: fig.
	is redrawn from Mell 1930: fig.		10, Brahmaea ledereri, fork
	8, Brahmaea certhia]; fig. 1A,		Rs1–Rs2 shortened]; fig.
	gnathos: Brahmaea [certhia]		1B, gnathos: Brachyghatha
	[from Zhang & Yang, 1993:		[diastemata, from Zhang
	fig. 4] fig. 1A, valva: Brahmaea		& Yang, 1993: fig. 2]; fig.
	[recta] [from Yang & Zhang,		2B, moth: Brachyghatha
	1994a: fig. 4]; fig. 2A, moth		[diastemata, from Zhang &
	Brahmaea [separata] [from Yang		Yang, 1993: figs 5, 6]
	& Zhang, 1994a: figs 7, 8]
Tschistjakov 1999:		p. 631, figs. 372, 1 (male
		genitalia), 372, 2 (male
		genitalia), 372, 3 (female
		genitalia), 373, 1 (moth):
		Brahmaea tancrei (Russia:
		south of RFE)
Ignatenko 2000:		p. 88: Brahmaea tancrei
		(Russia: Amurskaya Oblast:
		Kundur)
Naumann 2000:			cover illustration: Brahmaea
			cf. certhia (China)
Park et al. 2001:	p. 177, pl. 3, fig. 1 (moth):	p. 177, pl. 2, fig. 17 (moth):
	Brahmaea certhia (North Korea:	Brahmaea tancrei (North
	Mt. Kumgang-san [the image is	Korea: Mt. Kumgang-san)
	same as in Park et al. 2001: pl. 14,
	fig. 94])
Kuznetzov &		p. 364, fig. 131b: Brahmaea
Stekolnikov 2001:		tancrei (Russia: Primorskii
		Krai).
Dubatolov & Dolgikh		p. 113: Brahmaea tancrei
2007:		(Russia: Khabarovskii
		Krai: Nature Reserve
		Bolshekhekhtsyrskii,
		Kazakevichevo, Bychykha)
Zolotuhin 2008:		pp. 230, 340: Brahmaea
		tancrei (Russia: south of Far
		East)
Dubatolov 2009:		p. 234: Brahmaea tancrei
		(Russia: Khabarovskii Krai:
		Lidoga, Innokentyevka,
		Kiserlevka, Malyzhma)
Tschistjakov 2009:		p. 27: Brahmaea tancrei
		(Russia, Lazovskii Natire
		Reserve)
Dubatolov & Dolgikh		p. 190: Brahmaea tancrei
2011:		(Russia: Khabarovskii
		Krai: Nature Reserve
		Bolshekhekhtsyrskii)
Lee et al. 2011:		p. 182: Brahmaea tancrei
		(South Korea: Gangwon-do)
Heo 2012:	p. 281 (moths, larvae): Brahmaea
	certhia (Korea: Seoul)
Averin et al. 2012:		p. 127: Brahmaea tancrei
		(Russia: Evreiskaya A.O.:
		Nature Reserve Bastak)
Lee 2015:		p. 141: Brahmaea tancrei
		(moth, larva) (South Korea:
		Gangwon).
Zolotuhin 2016:	p. 7, figs 5, 6 (male genitalia),	p. 7: Brahmaea lunulata	p. 7, figs 7, 8 (male
	[pl.] 2, fig. 9 (moth): Brahmaea	var. tancrei; p. 7, [pl.] 2,	genitalia), [pl.] 2, fig. 7, 8
	certhia; p. 7, [pl.] 2, fig. 1:	fig. 6 (holotype): Brahmaea	(moths): Brahmaea lunulata
	Brahmaea petiveri; p. 7, [pl.]	magnificentia; p. 7, figs	lunulata (Eastern China,
	2, fig. 4 (holotype): Saturnia	1–3 (fore wings), 9, 10 (male	Shaanxi, Sichuan)
	lunulata; p. 7, [pl.] 2, fig. 2:	genitalia): Brahmaea lunulata
	Saturnia undulata; p. 7, [pl.]	carpenteri
	2, fig. 3 (holotype): Brahmaea
	carpenteri; p. 7, [pl.] 2, fig. 5
	(holotype): Brahmaea bicolor;
	[pl.] 2, fig. 6 (holotype):
	Brahmaea magnificentia; p. 7:
	Brahmaea porphyria, “syn. n.”
Paukstadt &	pp. 49–69, figs. 1–2 (eggs),
Paukstadt 2017a:	3–43 (larvae), 44–50 (pupae):
	Brahmaea certhia (China:
	Jiangsu)
Paukstadt &		pp. 74–88, figs. 1–2 (eggs), 3–
Paukstadt 2017b:		21 (larvae): Brahmaea tancrei
		(Russia: “?Sacha”)
Wu 2017:	pp. 273–275 (moths, pupae,
	larvae): Brahmaea porphyria
	(southwest, east and central
	provinces of China)
Lee 2018:	p. 85: 1946. Brahmaea certhia
	(South Korea, Baeknyeong Island,
	Daecheong Island)
Zolotuhin 2019:		pp. 284, 388: Brahmaea
		lunulata carpenteri (Russia:
		south of Far East)
Sinev 2019:		cover illustration: Brahmaea
		lunulata (Russia: Primorskii
		Krai)
Dubatolov 2020:		p. 497: Brahmaea lunulata
		(Russia: Khabarovskii Krai:
		Lidoga, Bogbasu, Nilo)
Paukstadt & Aussem	p. 655, figs 1–2 (moth):
2021:	Brahmaea certhia (China:
	Jiangsu)
Paukstadt &	pp. 257, 258, 260, 262: Brahmaea	map 1 [type localities of	map 1 [type localities of
Paukstadt 2021b:	certhia, Brahmaea lunulata [part.:	Brahmaea tancrei and	Brahmaea diastemata, as
	name-bearing type], Brahmaea	Brahmaea magnificentia,	synonym of Brahmaea
	lunulata carpenteri [part.: name-	as synonyms of Brahmaea	lunulata].
	bearing type], Brahmaea goniata,	lunulata carpenteri];
	Brahmaea recta, Brahmaea	Brahmaea jilinensis.
	separata; p. 280, 281, 284:
	‡P halena maxima; p. 285, 286:
	Brahmaea petiveri; p. 291, 292:
	Brahmaea porphyria; map 1 [type
	localities of the taxa enumerated
	above]
Paukstadt &	pp. 301, 303: Brahmaea lunulata	pp. 324, 325: Brahmaea	pp. 322, 323: Brahmaea
Paukstadt 2021c:	[part.: name-bearing type]; p.	lunulata carpenteri	diastemata [as synonym of
	315, 317: Brahmaea undulata;	[= Brahmaea tancrei tancrei,	Brahmaea lunulata]
	p. 324, 325: Brahmaea lunulata	Brahmaea magnificentia]; p.
	carpenteri [part.: name-bearing	330, 331: Brahmaea tancrei
	type]; p. 337, 338: Brahmaea	[as synonym of Brahmaea
	bicolor [as synonym of Brahmaea	lunulata carpenteri]; p. 339,
	lunulata carpenteri]; p. 342,	340: Brahmaea magnificentia
	343: Brahmaea goniata; p. 344,	[as synonym of Brahmaea
	345: Brahmaea recta; p. 346:	lunulata carpenteri]; p. 340,
	Brahmaea separata	341: Brahmaea jilinensis
Paukstadt &	p. 663: Brahmaea certhia,	p. 663: Brahmaea lunulata	p. 663: Brahmaea lunulata
Paukstadt 2021e:	Brahmaea lunulata [part.:	carpenteri [= Brahmaea	[part.: = Brahmaea
	name-bearing type], Brahmaea	tancrei, Brahmaea	diastemata]
	lunulata carpenteri [part.: name-	magnificentia]; Brahmaea
	bearing type], Brahmaea goniata;	jilinensis]
	Brahmaea recta; Brahmaea
	separata
Paukstadt & Weritz	p. 638, figs 1–3 (moths):	p. 638, figs 4–6 (moths):
2021a:	Brahmaea certhia (North China)	Brahmaea lunulata carpenteri
(Russia: “E Siberia”)
Paukstadt &	p. 75–76: Brahmaea certhia,	p. 75: Brahmaea lunulata	p. 75: Brahmaea lunulata
Paukstadt 2022:	Brahmaea lunulata [part.:	carpenteri [= Brahmaea	[part.: = Brahmaea
	name-bearing type], Brahmaea	tancrei, Brahmaea	diastemata]
	lunulata carpenteri [part.: name-	magnificentia]; Brahmaea
	bearing type], Brahmaea goniata;	jilinensis
	Brahmaea recta, Brahmaea
	separata.
Höge & Renner 2023:	p. 1, pl. 5 (moths): Brahmaea	p. 1, pl. 1: Brahmaea tancrei
	certhia (China: Jiangsu:	(“Mischung Süd Korea und
	Zhangjiagang); pl. 6: Brahmaea	Russland Far East” [mixture
	certhia (aberrations)	of South Korea and Russia
		Far East]), pl. 2–4: Brahmaea
		tancrei (aberrations)
Koshkin 2023:		p. 190: Brahmaea lunulata
		(Russia: Evreiskaya A.O.:
		Nature Reserve Bastak)