Parasitism in wild penguin populations: a comprehensive global assessment of macro- and microparasites and their implications Author Fusaro, Bruno Author Capasso, Sofia Author Barbosa, Andrés Author Ansaldo, Martín Author Zakrajsek, Andrés Author Diaz, Julia I. text Antarctic Science 2025 Cambridge, England 2025-02-20 37 2 79 86 https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954102024000440 journal article 10.1017/S0954102024000440 1365-2079 15816972

Table I. Records of pathogenic effects and mortality caused by microparasites and macroparasites in penguins.

Microparasite/macroparasite	Pathogenic effects	Penguin species	Reference(s)
Pasteurella multocida	Mortality events	Pygoscelis adeliae	Stidworthy & Denk (2018)
		Eudyptes chrysocome
Clostridium sp.	Acute infections	Spheniscus humboldti	Greenwood (2000)
Corynebacterium amycolatum	Diphtheritic stomatitis	Megadyptes antipodes	Alley et al. (2017)
Plasmodium sp.	Avian malaria	Megadyptes antipodes	Clarke and Knowles (1993),
		Eudyptula minor	Grilo et al. (2016), Vanstreels
		Aptenodytes patagonicus	et al. (2016), Stidworthy & Denk
		Spheniscus demersus	(2018)
		Spheniscus mendiculus
		Spheniscus magellanicus
		Eudyptes sclateri
		Eudyptes pachyrhynchus
		Eudyptes moseleyi
		Eudyptes robustus
		Eudyptes chrysocome
Babesia sp.	Attacks the cytoplasm of erythrocytes	Eudyptula minor	Schnittger et al. (2012)
		Pygoscelis antarcticus
Parorchites zederi	Lacerations in the intestinal mucosa,	Pygoscelis antarcticus	Martin et al. (2016)
	affecting the absorption of nutrients	Pygoscelis papua
		Pygoscelis adeliae
Cardiocephaloides physalis	Lacerations in the intestinal mucosa,	Spheniscus magellanicus	Horne et al. (2011)
	affecting the absorption of nutrients	Spheniscus demersus
Mawsonotrema eudyptulae	Causes necrosis and inflammation	Eudyptula minor	Harrigan (1991)
with subsequent loss of hepatic fluid
and haemorrhages
Renicola sp.	Peritubular renal fibrosis,chronic	Spheniscus magellanicus	Jerdy et al. (2016)
medullary nephritis and epithelium
with corneal metaplasia and dysplasia
Ixodes uriae	Lower breeding performance,nest	Aptenodytes patagonicus	Gauthier-Clerc et al. (1998),
	abandonment,vector of Babesia sp.,	Pygoscelis papua	Mangin et al. (2003), Lynch et al.
	in some cases death	Pygoscelis adeliae	(2010), Montero et al. (2016)
Rhinonysus spp.	Pathologies in trachea,lungs and	Spheniscus demersus	Vanstreels et al. (2018b)
body cavity