Taxonomic and geographic novelties of Acarnus (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Brazilian coast, with description of two new species Author Ozga, Aline Vasum Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Bloco IV, Prédio 43433, Sala 214, CEP 91501 - 970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Author Santos, George Garcia Universidade Federal do Cariri, Instituto de Formação de Educadores, Rua Olegário Emídio de Araújo, s / n, CEP 63260 - 000, Brejo Santo, Ceará, Brasil. & Programa de Pós-Graduação em Diversidade Biológica e Recursos Naturais (PPGDR), Universidade Regional do Cariri (URCA), Centro de Biológicas e da Saúde (CCBS), Pimenta, CEP 63105 - 000, Crato, Ceará, Brasil Author Menegola, Carla Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Bloco IV, Prédio 43433, Sala 214, CEP 91501 - 970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. & Centro de Estudos Costeiros, Limnológicos e Marinhos (CECLIMAR), Campus Litoral Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Tramandaí, 976, CEP 95.625 - 000, Imbé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. text Zootaxa 2024 2024-10-17 5523 4 401 422 http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1 journal article 304712 10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.1 6043ac93-f1f5-471a-8b82-d3c709036cbd 1175-5326 13949596 27C5E1BE-6443-463E-A75A-154D099A2762

TABLE 4. General table of measurements of the spicular set of Acarnus species. Values are expressed in minimum–medium–maximum (µm).

Acarnus species	Distribution/ Depth (m)	Styles	Tylotes	Tylostyles	Subtylostyles	Spicules Cladotylotes (length×width)	Toxas (length)	Acanthostyles	Chelae (length)	Microxeas
“Innominatus ” species group
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	Indian Ocean
A. claudei van Soest, Hooper & Hiemstra, 1991 Holotype MNHN DCL. 524	(South Africa, Cape Town, Mossel Bay and	175–400/ 6–20	130–230/ 3–4	absent	absent	I.160–230/8 II.80–110/2	I.200–250 II.50–140 III. 50–200/3–5	absent	11–18	absent
	Pt. Elisabeth)/-
							I.295–361.1–
A. erithacus de Laubenfels, 1927 Paratype LACM # 21416	Pacific Coast of USA, Gulf of California/ 36	355–375.2– 400/7.5– 13.4–17.5	180–226.4– 265/ 2.5– 3.7–5	absent	absent	I.170–192.9–225/ 5–9.1–15 II.70–74.6–85/ 2.5–2.9–5	450 II.145–191.3– 250 III.40–72.3–	absent	10–13.4– 15	absent
							100
A. hoshinoi van Soest, Hooper & Hiemstra, 1991 Holotype NTM Z2234	South India and Sri Lanka, Bonaparte Coast/ intertidal	260–450/ 16–25	240–280/ 3–4	absent	absent	I.195–280/6–15 II.70–140/3–5	I.190–590/ 1–3 II.25–170 III.45–250/ 2–5	absent	6–9–10	absent
A. innominatus Gray, 1867 Holotype BMNH Bk 309	Ocidental Atlantic (Caribbean, Brazil)/-	280–460/ 11–22	180–280/ 4	absent	absent	I.230–300/6–12 II.80–115/2–3	I.220–450/ 0.5– 1.5 II.35–150/ 1.5–2 III.50– 160/ 2–4	absent	9–24	absent
A. tenuis Dendy, 1896 Lectotype BMNH 1902.10.18.62 (RN974)	Australia/ -	152–184– 205/2	96–142– 176/ 2	absent	absent	I.80–137–152/2 II.absent	I. absent II. absent III. absent	absent	absent	absent
A. ternatus Ridley, 1884 Paratype NTMZ. 1584	Indian Ocean (East African, South India and Sri Lanka)/-	288/15	250/ 4	absent	absent	I.135–166/4 II.absent	I up to 800 II.50–150 III.75–110	absent	20	absent
Southern Red
A. thielei Lévi, 1958 Holotype MNHN #A. 107	Sea (Bonaparte Coast, South India and Sri	230–296/ 5–6	206–225/ 2–3	absent	absent	I.130–180/3–4.5 II.61–79/1–2	I.240–420 II.25–70 III.60–200	absent	7–9	absent
	Lanka)/-
A. wolffgangi Keller, 1889 Holotype MNHN DCL.1297	Indian Ocean, Southern Red Sea, Austrália, Indonésia/-	286–300/13	210/2	absent	absent	I.216/10 II.110/3	I.510–900 II. absent III.80	absent	15–20	absent
			“Tortilis ” species group
Indo-West
A. bergquistae van Soest, Hooper & Hiemstra, 1991 Holotype QM GL 706	Pacific (North East Autralia, Indonesia, India,	197–334/ 7–16	183–363/ 3–7	absent	absent	I.118–212/4–8 II.58–109/3–5	I. absent II.80–265 III.44–110	absent	7–16	absent
Madagascar)/ 10
	West Indian					I.Three-claded
A. deweerdtae van Soest, Hooper & Hiemstra, 1991 Holotype ZMA POR. 8761	(Bonaire, Curaçao, Barbados, NorthEast	400–566/ 5–6	290–350/ 3–5	absent	absent	cladomes 190–279/5–8 Four-claded 105– 128/2–4	I.160–400 II.40–180 III. absent	absent	15–20	absent
	Colombia)/ 5					II.67–86/1–2
A. oaxaquensis AguilarCamacho, Carballo & Cruz-Barraza, 2013 Holotype MNC N 1.01/689	Mexican Tropical Pacific/ 4	192.5–325/ 3–10	105–268/ 2–5	absent	absent	I.125–162.5/3–5 II.62.5–82.5/2–3	I.35–170 II.57.5–90 III. absent	absent	17.5–25	absent
A. sabulum AguilarCamacho, Carballo & Cruz-Barraza, 2013 Holotype McNM 1.01/690	Pacific Coast of USA, Cortezian/ 3	200–263.5– 315/2.5–7.5– 10	150–167.5– 190/2–2.5–3	absent	absent	I.100–119.5–150/ 3.7–4.2–5 II.67.5–70.6–80/ 2.5–2.6–3	I.11.5–145.7– 165 II.25–45.5–80 III.30–31.2–35	absent	10–13.1– 15	absent
A. topsenti Dendy, 1922 Syntype BM 1921.11.7.84	Western Indian Ocean/ 60	204–287/ 3–12	Amphitylotes 205–262/ 2–3.5	absent	absent	I. absent II.53–97/3–8	I. absent II. absent III.32–191/1–4	absent	9–12	absent
	Atlantic,
	Pacific and
	Indian Oceans
	(North Atlantic
A. tortilis Topsent, 1892 QM GL 706 (fragment NTM Z1538)	Ocean, Western India, Western and Northern	214–550/ 3-16	Amphitylotes 222–440/ 3.5–7	absent	absent	I.151–225/3–5 II.58–109/2.5–4	I. absent II. 15–265/1–2 III.44–130/1–5	absent	7–22	absent
	Madagascar,
	Torres Strait
	Northern Great
	Barrier Reef)/ 10
A. toxeata Boury-Esnault, 1973 Holotype MNHN DNBE 1037	Brazil/ 50	378–727/ 12-16	213–472/ 3–9	absent	absent	I.250–395/3–9 II.56–162/3	I.500–945 II.28–265 III. absent	absent	12–14	absent
A. tupiniquim sp. nov. Holotype UFBA 2453-POR	Brazil/ 11	370–653– 900/7.5–10– 15	270–400– 560/2.5– 5.6–7.5	127.5– 155.8– 177.5/ 2.5–3.5–5	absent	I.127.5–184.8– 232.5/5–5.8–7.5 II.65–80.5–100/ 2.5–2.8–5	I.200–239.3– 310/2.0–2.1–2.5 II.47.5–66.8– 80/0.8–1.3–1.6 III. absent	absent	12.5– 15.8–17.5	absent
			“Souriei ”species group
A. bicladotylotus Hoshino, 1981 Holotype AR-1-10	Indo-West Pacific (Japan, Indonesia, Maldives, Seychelles)/	195–341– 385/8–10–12	205–267– 300/3–4.7–6	absent	absent	I.140–160–175/ 4–5.5–7 II.80–88–95/ 3–4–5	I.130–210/ 2–3 II.60–110/ 1–2 III. absent	80–90–95/ 3–4–5	15	absent
A. caledoniensis Hooper & Lévi, 1993 Holotype QM G300724	intertidal zone Tropical Southwestern Pacific, SouthWest coast of the Noumea lagoon /23	absent	304–330– 365/3–5–6	absent	321–354–423/ 4–7–10	I.122–165–192/ 1–2–3 II.68–111–152/ 2–2.4–3.5	I.185–269–386/ 0.4–1.1–1.8 II.52–93–141/ 0.5–0.9–1.2 III. absent	95–111–129/ 2–3–4	14–18– 22	absent
A. guentheri (Dendy, 1896) Holotype R.N. 473	Australia/-	absent	280/3	absent	absent	I and II.absent	I. and II. absent III. about 80/ 1.5	absent	about 12	absent
A. levii (Vacelet, 1960) Holotype St. K204	Western Mediterranean (Corsica)/ 47-55	315–480/ 6–9	260–460/ 3–4.5	absent	absent	I.180–210/4.5–6 II.100–140/2–4	I.75–195/1.5 II.20–140/ 0.5–3 III. absent	55–115/3–5	13–16	absent
A. michoacanensis AguilarCamacho, Carballo & Cruz-Barraza, 2013 Holotype MCNM 1.01/688	Mexican Tropical Pacific/ 8	207.5–277/ 5–8	155–260/ 2.5–5	absent	absent	I.112.5–135/2.5–3 II.absent	I.152–210 II.42–92.5 III. absent	47.5–72.5/ 4–5.5	11.3– 12.5	absent
A. microxeatus Nascimento & Pinheiro, 2023 Holotype 2986	Brasil/ intertidal	374–395.9– 424/12–21.1– 30	190–211– 249/2–3.1–5	absent	absent	I.141–244–293/ 5–9.8–12 II.90–96.1–105/ 2–3.1–5	I.222–435.6– 656 II.50–128.9–313 III.35–55.2–80	61–77.7–98/ 2–3.4–5	10–10.7– 12	29–52.4– 202/5–7.8–12
A. nicoleae van Soest, Hooper & Hiemstra, 1991 Holotype ZMA Por. 08768	Ocidental Atlantic (Caribbean, Brazil)/-	240–381/ 5–7	119–380/ 3–7	absent	absent	I.140–205/3–5 II.70–117/1–2	I.140–330 II.40–300 III.50–90/2–4	55–115/1–5	14–21	absent
A. peruanus van Soest, Hooper & Hiemstra, 1991 Holotype USNM 23264	Mexican Tropical Pacific, Central Peru/ on wave washed rocks	244–371/ 9–12	211–282/ 3–4	absent	absent	I.121–141/ 4–5 II.66–75/3	I.47.5–72.5/ 4–5.5 II.35–40 III. absent	82–97/4	13–17	absent
A. primigenius Hiemstra & Hooper, 1991 Holotype ZMA Por 07693	Southern Indonesia, Sumbawa/ 18	99–166–240 /4–5.5–6	Anisotylotes 137–156– 184/2.5	absent	absent	I.54–62.5–67/5 II.absent	I. absent II. absent III.44–30–46/ 1.5–3–4	60–66–68/5	14–17.5– 21.5	absent
A. radovani (BouryEsnault, 1973) Holotype MNHN D.NBE 963	Ocidental Atlantic (Carribean, Brazil)/ 51 Atlantic Ocean	absent	350–473/ 3–4	absent	absent	I.210–218/4.5–6 II. absent	I.230–309/1.5 II.143–204/ 1.5–3 III.78– 104/3–6	80–213/3–9	19–22	absent
A. souriei (Lévi, 1952) Holotype DCL. 1259	(Europe, Gulf of Guinea Islands, Caribbean, Brazil)/ 0.2-25	180–230/ 3–10	210–270/ 3	absent	absent	I.105–160/5 II. absent	I.190 II.150 III.80	I.100–165 II.67–80	14	absent
A. tener Tanita, 1963 MNHN, DT. 1890	Japan, Central Pacific (Gambier Isl.)/-	260–340/ 8–10	180–320/ 2.5–5	absent	absent	I.130–190/5–6 II. absent	I. absent II. absent III.70–110/2	80–130/4–6	12–14	absent
A. hooperi sp. nov. Holotype MNRJ 3942	Brazil/ 2.5-60	319–442.8– 505/ 7.9–10–13.3	266–345– 425/5.3–6– 7.9	absent	absent	I.172–210.7–260/ 8–8.9–10.6 II.79–97.8–122/ 2.6–3.3–5.3	I.133–209.5– 532 II.34.5–109.6– 218.1	66.5–97.7– 109/2.9–3.4–4.8	29.2– 34.4–39.9	absent