Spiders of the Orsiera Rocciavrè Natural Park and Foresto Ravine Natural Reserve (NW Italy): a faunistic synthesis with data from the “ Biodiversity Monitoring Project ”
Author
Barbara, Marco Tolve
Author
Andrea, Barbara Rizzioli
Ente di gestione delle aree protette delle Alpi Cozie, Via Fransuà Fontan, 1 - 10050 Salbertrand, TO (Italy)
Author
Marco, Andrea Pane
Author
Isaia, Marco
Department of Life Sciences and System Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina, 13 - 10123 Turin, TO (Italy) marco. isaia @ unito. it (corresponding author)
.isaia@unito.it
text
Zoosystema
2026
2026-03-19
48
6
139
195
journal article
10.5252/zoosystema2026v48a6
1638-9387
19114341
81C22D3F-EEC1-46CA-956D-2843454C9D79
APPENDIX 4. — List of the species collected in this work (new data), in the frame of BMP with abundances by elevational zonation (ELEV ZONES), total abundaces (TOT) and species occurrence in the transect (X if species occurs). New records for the Province of Turin (○) and the Region of Piemonte (●) and photo observations from iNaturalist (*) are highlighted.Elevational zonation acronym (ELEV ZONES): SM (submontane), MO (montane), SA (subalpine) and AL (Alpine).Transects acronym (TRAN): Fo (Foresto), Ch (Chisone), Sa (Sangone), Su (Susa).| Species | ELEV ZONES | TOT | TRAN |
|---|
| SM | MO | SA | AL | Fo | Ch | Sa | Su |
|---|
| Agelenidae C. L. Koch, 1837 |
|---|
| Coelotes pastor Simon, 1875 | – | 3 | 10 | 10 | 23 | – | × | × | × |
|---|
| ○ Coelotes poweri Simon, 1875 | – | 20 | – | – | 20 | – | – | – | × |
|---|
| Eratigena agrestis (Walckenaer, 1802) | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| Histopona leonardoi Bolzern, Pantini & Isaia, 2013 | – | 71 | 12 | – | 83 | – | × | × | × |
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| Tegenaria silvestris L. Koch, 1872 | – | 5 | – | – | 5 | × | × | × | – |
|---|
| Amaurobiidae Thorell, 1869 |
|---|
| ○ Amaurobius fenestralis (StrÖm, 1768) | – | 4 | – | – | 4 | × | – | – | × |
|---|
| ● Amaurobius similis (Blackwall, 1861) | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | × |
|---|
| Anyphaenidae Bertkau, 1878 |
|---|
| Anyphaena accentuata (Walckenaer, 1802) | – | 1* | – | – | 1* | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| Araneidae Clerck, 1757 |
|---|
| Aculepeira carbonaria (L. Koch, 1869) | – | – | – | 2* | 2* | – | × | – | × |
|---|
| Aculepeira ceropegia (Walckenaer, 1802) | – | – | 3* | – | 3* | – | × | × | × |
|---|
| Agalenatea redii (Scopoli, 1763) | 1* | – | – | – | 1* | × | – | – | – |
|---|
| Araneus diadematus Clerck, 1757 | – | 4* | – | – | 4* | × | × | × | × |
|---|
| Araneus marmoreus Clerck, 1757 | – | 2* | – | – | 2* | – | × | – | × |
|---|
| Araneus quadratus Clerck, 1757 | – | – | 1* | – | 1* | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli, 1772) | 1* | 1* | – | – | 2* | × | × | – | – |
|---|
| Cyclosa conica (Pallas, 1772) | – | 1* | – | – | 1* | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| Gibbaranea bituberculata (Walckenaer, 1802) | 1* | – | – | – | 1* | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| Nuctenea umbratica (Clerck, 1757) | 1* | – | – | – | 1* | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| Atypidae Thorell, 1870 |
|---|
| ○ Atypus affinis Eichwald, 1830 | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | × | – | – | – |
|---|
| Clubionidae Simon, 1878 |
|---|
| Clubiona comta C. L. Koch, 1839 | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | × | – |
|---|
| ● Clubiona diversa O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1862 | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | × | – |
|---|
| Cybaeidae Banks, 1892 |
|---|
| ○ Cryphoeca silvicola (C.L. Koch, 1834) | – | 3 | 13 | – | 16 | – | – | × | × |
|---|
| Cybaeus intermedius Maurer, 1992 | 1 | 126 | 48 | – | 175 | × | × | × | × |
|---|
| Dysderidae C. L. Koch, 1837 |
|---|
| Dysdera sp. | – | 2 | – | – | 2 | – | × | × | – |
|---|
| Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) | 1 | 28 | – | – | 29 | × | × | – | – |
|---|
| Harpactocrates drassoides (Simon, 1882) | – | 10 | 4 | – | 14 | × | – | × | × |
|---|
| Rhode testudinea Pesarini, 1984 | – | 2 | 2 | – | 4 | – | – | × | – |
|---|
| Eresidae C. L. Koch, 1845 |
|---|
| Eresus sp. | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | × | – | – | – |
|---|
| Filistatidae Ausserer, 1867 |
|---|
| ○ Filistata insidiatrix (Forsskål, 1775) | 1* | – | – | – | 1* | × | – | – | – |
|---|
| Gnaphosidae Banks, 1892 |
|---|
| Callilepis schuszteri (Herman, 1879) | 2 | – | – | – | 2 | × | – | – | – |
|---|
| ● Civizelotes caucasius (Herman, 1879) | 2 | – | – | – | 2 | × | – | – | – |
|---|
| ○ Civizelotes pygmaeus Miller, 1943 | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | × | – | – | – |
|---|
| Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) | 1 | 16 | 23 | 3 | 43 | × | × | × | × |
|---|
| Drassyllus pusillus (C.L. Koch, 1833) | – | 1 | 4 | – | 5 | – | × | × | – |
|---|
| Gnaphosa badia (L. Koch, 1866) | – | – | 12 | 1 | 13 | – | × | – | × |
|---|
| ● Gnaphosa bicolor (Hahn, 1833) | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | × | – |
|---|
| Gnaphosa leporina (L. Koch, 1866) | – | – | 9 | 6 | 15 | – | × | – | × |
|---|
| Haplodrassus signifer (C.L. Koch, 1839) | – | 1 | 12 | – | 13 | – | × | × | – |
|---|
| Haplodrassus silvestris (Blackwall, 1833) | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| ○ Micaria aenea Thorell, 1871 | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 1 | 1 | 2 | – | 4 | × | – | × | × |
|---|
| Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | × |
|---|
| Micaria rossica Thorell, 1875 | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| Nomisia exornata (C.L. Koch, 1839) | 8 | – | – | – | 8 | × | – | – | – |
|---|
| Zelotes aeneus (Simon, 1878) | – | 6 | 3 | – | 9 | – | × | × | – |
|---|
| Zelotes apricorum (L. Koch, 1876) | – | 6 | 2 | 5 | 13 | × | – | × | × |
|---|
| Zelotes oblongus (C.L. Koch, 1833) | 10 | 1 | – | – | 11 | × | – | – | – |
|---|
| ○ Zelotes petrensis (C.L. Koch, 1839) | – | 4 | 1 | – | 5 | – | × | × | × |
|---|
| Zelotes subterraneus (C.L. Koch, 1833) | 1 | 17 | 14 | 19 | 51 | × | × | × | × |
|---|
| ○ Zelotes talpinus (L. Koch, 1872) | – | 8 | 12 | – | 20 | – | × | × | × |
|---|
| Hahniidae Bertkau, 1878 |
|---|
| ● Hahnia ononidum Simon, 1875 | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| Leptonetidae Simon, 1890 |
|---|
| ○ Leptoneta crypticola franciscoloi di Caporiacco, 1950 | – | 7 | 4 | – | 11 | – | – | × | – |
|---|
| Linyphiidae Blackwall, 1859 |
|---|
| ● Agyneta cauta (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1903) | – | – | 1 | 1 | 2 | – | × | – | × |
|---|
| Agyneta innotabilis (O. Pickard-Cambridge,1863) | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| Agyneta mollis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871) | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | × | – | – | – |
|---|
| Agyneta rurestris (C.L. Koch, 1836) | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 8 | × | × | × | × |
|---|
| ○ Anguliphantes monticola (Kulczynski, 1881) | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| Bathyphantes gracilis (Blackwall, 1841) | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | × |
|---|
| ○ Bathyphantes setiger F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894 | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | × | – |
|---|
| Bolyphantes alticeps C. L. Koch, 1837 | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | × |
|---|
| Centromerus arcanus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1873) | – | – | 7 | 3 | 10 | – | × | × | × |
|---|
| ○ Centromerus brevipalpus (Menge, 1866) | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | × | – |
|---|
| ○ Centromerus pabulator (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1875) | – | – | 5 | – | 5 | – | – | × | × |
|---|
| ○ Centromerus sellarius (Simon, 1884) | – | 7 | 6 | – | 13 | – | × | × | × |
|---|
| Centromerus silvicola (Kulczynski, 1887) | – | 1 | 2 | – | 3 | – | – | × | – |
|---|
| Centromerus sylvaticus (Blackwall, 1841) | – | 5 | – | – | 5 | – | – | – | × |
|---|
| Ceratinella brevis (Wider, 1834) | – | – | 3 | – | 3 | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| ○ Diplocephalus alpinus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1873) | – | – | 2 | – | 2 | – | – | × | × |
|---|
| Drapetisca socialis (Sundevall, 1833) | – | – | 1* | – | 1* | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| Erigone autumnalis Emerton, 1882 | 2 | – | – | – | 2 | × | – | – | – |
|---|
| Erigone dentipalpis (Wider, 1834) | 1 | – | 8 | – | 9 | × | – | × | – |
|---|
| Frontinellina frutetorum (C. L. Koch, 1835) | – | – | 1* | – | 1* | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| ● Improphantes nitidus (Thorell, 1875) | – | 4 | 3 | – | 7 | – | × | – | × |
|---|
| Incestophantes frigidus (Simon, 1884) | – | – | 2 | 1 | 3 | – | – | × | × |
|---|
| ● Incestophantes kotulai (Kulczyński, 1904) | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| ○ Lepthyphantes nodifer Menge, 1866 | – | – | 4 | – | 4 | – | – | – | × |
|---|
| ● Mansuphantes fragilis (Thorell, 1875) | – | 8 | 3 | – | 11 | × | × | – | × |
|---|
| ○ Mansuphantes pseudoarciger (Wunderlich, 1985) | – | 3 | 1 | – | 4 | – | × | × | × |
|---|
| Metopobactrus prominulus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1873) | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| Micrargus alpinus Relys & Weiss, 1997 | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | – | × | – | × |
|---|
| Microneta viaria (Blackwall, 1841) | – | 2 | – | – | 2 | – | – | × | – |
|---|
| Minyriolus pusillus (Wider, 1834) | – | 1 | 1 | – | 2 | – | × | – | × |
|---|
| ● Oreoneta tatrica Chyzer & Kulczynski 1894 | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | × |
|---|
| Oreonetides vaginatus (Thorell, 1872) | – | 1 | 3 | – | 4 | – | – | – | × |
|---|
| Palliduphantes pallidus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871) | 3 | 45 | 11 | 2 | 61 | × | × | × | × |
|---|
| ○ Pelecopsis elongata Simon, 1864 | – | – | 5 | – | 5 | – | × | – | × |
|---|
| Pelecopsis parallela (Wider, 1834) | 2 | 1 | – | – | 3 | × | × | – | – |
|---|
| ○ Pelecopsis radicicola (L. Koch, 1872) | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | × |
|---|
| Piniphantes agnellus (Maurer & Thaler, 1988) | – | – | 2 | – | 2 | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| Porrhomma microphtalmum (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871) | – | – | 2 | – | 2 | – | – | × | × |
|---|
| ○ Scotargus pilosus Simon, 1913 | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| Syedra gracilis (Menge, 1869) | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| ○ Tapinocyba affinis Simon, 1884 | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | × |
|---|
| ○ Tenuiphantes alacris (Blackwall, 1853) | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| Tenuiphantes flavipes (Blackwall, 1854) | – | 2 | – | – | 2 | × | × | – | – |
|---|
| ○ Tenuiphantes jacksoni Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996 | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | × |
|---|
| Tenuiphantes sp. | – | – | 4 | – | 4 | – | – | – | × |
|---|
| ○ Tenuiphantes tenebricola (Wider, 1834) | – | 3 | – | – | 3 | – | – | × | × |
|---|
| Tenuiphantes tenuis (Blackwall, 1852) | – | 1 | 3 | 1 | 5 | × | – | × | × |
|---|
| Thyreosthenius parasiticus (Westring, 1851) | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| Trichoncus sordidus Simon, 1884 | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | × | – | – | – |
|---|
| Trichopterna cito (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | × |
|---|
| ○ Walckenaeria alticeps (Denis, 1952) | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | × | – |
|---|
| Walckenaeria sp. | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | × |
|---|
| Liocranidae Simon, 1897 |
|---|
| Agroeca cuprea Menge, 1873 | 1 | 1 | – | – | 2 | × | × | – | – |
|---|
| ○ Agroeca proxima (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871) | – | 2 | 13 | – | 15 | × | × | × | × |
|---|
| Scotina celans Menge, 1873 | 1 | 8 | 1 | – | 10 | × | – | – | × |
|---|
| Lycosidae Sundevall, 1833 |
|---|
| Alopecosa aculeata (Clerck, 1757) | – | 1 | 1 | – | 2 | – | × | × | – |
|---|
| Alopecosa cuneata (Clerck, 1757) | – | 3 | 8 | 6 | 17 | – | × | × | × |
|---|
| Alopecosa farinosa (Herman, 1879) | – | 1 | 3 | – | 4 | – | × | × | – |
|---|
| Alopecosa pulverulenta (Clerck, 1757) | – | – | 5 | – | 5 | – | – | × | × |
|---|
| Alopecosa taeniata (C.L. Koch, 1835) | – | – | 2 | – | 2 | – | × | – | × |
|---|
| ○ Arctosa personata (L. Koch, 1872) | 5 | – | – | – | 5 | × | – | – | – |
|---|
| ○ Arctosa renidescens Buchar & Thaler, 1995 | – | – | 11 | – | 11 | – | × | × | × |
|---|
| Aulonia albimana (Walckenaer, 1805) | – | 5 | – | – | 5 | – | – | × | – |
|---|
| Hogna radiata (Latreille, 1817) | 3 | – | – | – | 3 | × | – | – | – |
|---|
| Pardosa mixta (Kulczynski, 1887) | – | – | 14 | 6 | 20 | – | × | × | × |
|---|
| Pardosa monticola (Clerck, 1757) | – | 7 | 130 | 1 | 138 | – | × | × | × |
|---|
| Pardosa nigra (C.L. Koch, 1834) | – | – | 1 | 38 | 39 | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| ○ Pardosa oreophila Simon, 1937 | – | 1 | 3 | 14 | 18 | – | × | × | × |
|---|
| Pardosa riparia (C.L. Koch, 1833) | – | 3 | – | – | 3 | – | – | × | – |
|---|
| ○ Pardosa saltans TÖpfer-Hofmann, 2000 | – | 19 | – | – | 19 | – | × | × | – |
|---|
| Trochosa terricola Thorell, 1856 | – | 6 | 3 | – | 9 | × | – | × | × |
|---|
| Xerolycosa nemoralis (Westring, 1861) | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | × | – |
|---|
| Miturgidae Simon, 1886 |
|---|
| Zora manicata Simon, 1878 | – | – | 3 | – | 3 | – | × | – | × |
|---|
| ● Zora parallela Simon, 1878 | – | 1 | – | 1 | 2 | – | – | × | × |
|---|
| ○ Zora pardalis Simon, 1878 | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | × | – |
|---|
| Zora spinimana (Sundevall, 1833) | – | 2 | – | – | 2 | × | – | × | – |
|---|
| Pholcidae C. L. Koch, 1850 |
|---|
| Pholcus phalangioides (Fuesslin, 1775) | 1* | – | – | – | 1* | × | – | – | – |
|---|
| Psilochorus simoni (Berland, 1911) | 1* | – | – | – | 1* | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| Phrurolithidae Banks, 1892 |
|---|
| Phrurolithus festivus (C.L. Koch, 1835) | 5 | 16 | 2 | – | 23 | × | × | × | – |
|---|
| Phrurolithus minimus C.L. Koch, 1839 | 1 | 1 | – | – | 2 | × | – | × | – |
|---|
| Pisauridae Simon, 1890 |
|---|
| Pisaura mirabilis (Clerck, 1757) | – | 1* | – | – | 1* | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| Salticidae Blackwall, 1841 |
|---|
| Aelurillus v-insignitus (Clerck, 1757) | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 3 | × | × | – | – |
|---|
| Attulus longipes (Canestrini, 1873) | – | – | – | 2 | 2 | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| Attulus saltator (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1868) | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | × | – |
|---|
| Euophrys frontalis (Walckenaer, 1802) | 1 | 1 | 2 | – | 4 | × | – | × | – |
|---|
| ○ Euophrys herbigrada (Simon, 1871) | 15 | 2 | 4 | – | 21 | × | × | × | × |
|---|
| ● Euophrys terrestris (Simon, 1871) | 9 | – | – | – | 9 | × | – | – | – |
|---|
| Heliophanus cupreus (Walckenaer, 1802) | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| ○ Neon reticulatus (Blackwall, 1853) | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | × | – |
|---|
| Philaeus chrysops (Poda, 1761) | 1* | – | – | – | 1* | × | – | – | – |
|---|
| Phlegra fasciata (Hahn, 1826) | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| Pseudoeuophrys lanigera (Simon, 1871) | – | – | 2 | – | 2 | – | – | – | × |
|---|
| ○ Pseudoeuophrys vafra (Simon, 1871) | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | × | – | – | – |
|---|
| Saitis barbipes (Simon, 1868) | 10 | 52 | – | – | 62 | × | × | – | – |
|---|
| Salticus scenicus (Clerck, 1757) | – | 1* | – | – | 1* | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| Talavera aequipes (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871) | 9 | 1 | – | – | 10 | × | – | × | – |
|---|
| ○ Talavera monticola (Kulczynski, 1884) | – | 1 | 1 | – | 2 | – | – | × | – |
|---|
| Scytodidae Blackwall, 1864 |
|---|
| Scytodes sp. | 4 | – | – | – | 4 | × | – | – | – |
|---|
| Segestriidae Simon, 1893 |
|---|
| Segestria senoculata (Linnaeus, 1758) | – | 3 | – | – | 3 | × | × | – | – |
|---|
| Sparassidae Bertkau, 1872 |
|---|
| Micrommata virescens (Clerck, 1757) | – | 1* | 1* | – | 2* | × | × | – | – |
|---|
| Tetragnathidae Menge, 1866 |
|---|
| Metellina merianae (Scopoli, 1763) | – | 1* | – | – | 1* | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 |
|---|
| Asagena phalerata (Panzer, 1801) | 1 | 2 | 1 | – | 4 | × | – | × | – |
|---|
| Enoplognatha thoracica (Hahn, 1833) | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| ○ Episinus angulatus (Blackwall, 1836) | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| Episinus truncatus Latreille, 1809 | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | × | – | – | – |
|---|
| Euryopis flavomaculata (C.L. Koch, 1836) | – | 2 | 2 | – | 4 | – | – | × | – |
|---|
| Heterotheridion nigrovariegatum (Simon, 1873) | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | × | – | – | – |
|---|
| ○ Robertus truncorum (L. Koch, 1872) | – | – | 8 | – | 8 | – | – | × | × |
|---|
| Thomisidae Sundevall, 1833 |
|---|
| Bassanioides robustus (Hahn, 1832) | 1 | 2 | – | – | 3 | × | – | × | – |
|---|
| Cozyptila blackwalli (Simon, 1875) | 2 | – | – | – | 2 | × | – | – | – |
|---|
| ○ Diaea dorsata (Fabricius, 1777) | – | 1* | – | – | 1* | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| Misumena vatia (Clerck, 1757) | 1* | 2* | – | – | 3* | × | × | × | – |
|---|
| ○ Ozyptila trux (Blackwall, 1846) | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | × |
|---|
| Psammitis ninnii (Thorell, 1872) | 2 | – | 2 | – | 4 | × | × | – | – |
|---|
| ○ Thomisus onustus Walckenaer, 1805 | 1* | – | 1* | – | 2* | × | × | – | – |
|---|
| ○ Xysticus desidiosus Simon, 1875 | – | – | 2 | – | 2 | – | – | – | × |
|---|
| Xysticus erraticus (Blackwall, 1834) | – | 2 | – | – | 2 | – | – | × | – |
|---|
| Xysticus gallicus Simon, 1875 | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | × |
|---|
| Xysticus luctuosus (Blackwall, 1836) | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | × | – |
|---|
| Uloboridae Thorell, 1869 |
|---|
| ○ Uloborus walckenaerius Latreille, 1806 | 1* | – | – | – | 1* | × | – | – | – |
|---|
| Zodariidae Thorell, 1881 |
|---|
| Zodarion italicum (Canestrini, 1868) | – | 2 | – | – | 2 | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| Zodarion rubidum Simon, 1914 | – | 4 | – | – | 4 | – | × | – | – |
|---|
| TOT | 126 | 618 520 126 | 1390 | | – | |
|---|