Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria)
Author
Carr, T. D.
text
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1999
1999-09-30
19
3
497
520
journal article
25986
10.1080/02724634.1999.10011161
c2c78f5e-a257-4126-98ba-42e9d944da50
3372241
APPENDIX 1. A genus-level comparison of tyrannosaurids: the growth changes of Albertosaurus libratus compared with the homologous characters in Daspletosaurus torosus and Tyrannosaurus rex. Abbreviations: aofen, antorbital fenestra; aofo, antorbital fossa; artic, articular; basis pn for, basisphenoid pneumatic foramen; cdrsl, caudodorsal; cnflt, confluent; cnvx, convex; corn, cornual; dtf, dorsotemporal fossa; fen, fenestra; hrz, horizontal; intramnd, intramandibular; ltfen, laterotemporal fenestra; M. add mand ext, Musculus adductor mandibular pars externus; max, maxilla; occ con, occipital condyle; pn, pneumatic; po, postorbital; pr, process; qj, quadratojugal; rd, rostrodorsal; rv, rostroventral; sbn, subnarial; shllw, shallow; smth, smooth; sq, squamosal; surf, surface.| Albertosaurus libratus Stage 1 | Stage 2 | Stage 3 | D. torosus Stage 4 | T. rex Stage 1 | Stage 4 |
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| Premaxilla |
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| APPENDIX 1. (Continued) |
| APPENDIX 1. (Continued) |
| Transversely narrow | narrow | wide | wide | narrow | wide |
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| Concave lateral margin | — | straight | straight | concave | straight |
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| Shallow alveolar process | shallow | shallow | deep | shallow | deep |
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| Narrow maxillary process | — | wide | wide | narrow | wide |
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| Alveolar skirts absent | absent | absent | present | absent | present |
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| Dorsal flange on palatal process absent | — | — | present | — | — |
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| Caudal crest ventral to subnarial foramen absent | — | — | present | — | — |
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| Max. pr. does not overlap sbn. pr. of nasal broadly | narrow | narrow | narrow | broad | broad |
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| Maxilla |
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| Transversely compressed | thick | thick | thick | compressed | thick |
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| Dorsolateral nasal facet | — | dorsal | dorsomedial | dorsal | dorsomedial |
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| Distinct antorbital fossa (small) grades rostroventrally (large) | grades | grades | grades | grades | grades |
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| Ventral margin aofo concave or straight | sigmd/cnvx | — | convex | straight | concave/straight |
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| Interfenestral strut flat (small) concave (large) | flat | concave | concave | flat | concave |
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| Long antorbital fenestra | long | round | round | long | round |
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| Rostrolateral foramina small | large | large | large | small | large |
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| Ridge ventral to aofo | — | — | absent | present | absent |
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| Shallow alveolar process | shallow | shallow | deep | shallow | deep |
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| Flat or convex premaxillary process | — | — | swollen | — | swollen |
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| Ventral rostral foramen small Dorsal rostral foramen a cleft | large round | large round | large round | — — | large round |
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| Caudal sulcus above ventral margin | breaches | breaches | breaches | above | breaches |
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| Maxillary fenestra midway in position | rostral | rostral | rostral | midway | rostral |
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| Maxillary fenestra circular | elongate | elongate | elongate | circular | elongate |
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| Shallow tab between nasal suture and antorbital fossa | shallow | shallow | deep tab | absent | absent |
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| Promaxillary fenestra slitlike | recessed | slit/recess | foramen | slit | foramen |
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| Shallow rostrolateral surface | expanded | expanded | expanded | shallow | expanded |
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| Depression below aofo deep | shallow | shallow | absent | shallow | absent |
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| Aofo rostral margin indistinct | strut | strut | strut | indistinct | strut |
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| Shallow maxillary antrum fossae | — | — | variable | — | deep |
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| Caudoventral fossa shallow or deep | — | — | deep | — | shallow |
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| Low ridge across promaxillary antrum floor | — | — | strut | — | ridge |
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| Dorsal surface of palatal process visible | — | — | not visible | — | visible |
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| Ventral edge of palatal process ventrally everted | — | — | level | — | raised |
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| Palatine articular surface cleft-like Palatal process narrow | — — | — — | flat facet wide | — — | coarse facet wide |
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| Shallow interdental impressions | — | — | pit-like | — | shallow |
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| First tooth incisiform | — | incisiform | subincisiform | incisiform | subconical |
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| Nasal |
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| Lightly built | thick | thick | thick | light | thick |
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| Moderately or strongly vaulted | moderate | moderate | moderate | moderate | moderate |
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| Medial frontal process absent (small) or present (large) | absent/present | present | elongate | — | elongate |
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| Caudal plate expands slightly between lacrimals | expands | parallel | constricted | — | constricted |
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| Marginal lacrimal overlap | marginal | marginal | extensive | — | extensive |
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| Coarse dorsal surface | coarse | coarse | coarse | smooth | coarse |
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| Maxillary contact slotted | — | slotted | peg socket | — | peg socket |
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| Caudolateral process elongate | elongate | elongate | short | — | variable |
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| Caudal plate tract shallow | shallow | shallow | dished | — | dished |
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| Lacrimal |
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| Ventral pr. of rostral ramus absent (small) incipient (large) | short | long | short | — | long |
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| Cornual process a weak ridge (small) pronounced apex (large) | apex | apex | apex | — | absent |
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| Cornual process with three apices (small) two apices one one one — absent (large) |
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| Cornual process rostrodorsal | rostrodorsal | erect | variable | — | absent |
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| Com. pr. lower than lacrimal fen. (small), or deep as lacrimal fenestra (large) | deep | deep | deeper | — | deeper |
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| Bone is T-shaped | T-shaped | T-shaped | T-shaped | 7-shaped | 7-shaped |
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| Rostrolateral margin of corn. pr. eave-like | eave-like | eave-like | inflated | — | inapplicable |
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| Supraorbital pr. ridge absent (small) or present (large) | present | present | inflated | — | inflated |
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| Surface around aofen dished | dished | not dished | not dished | — | not dished |
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| Dorsolateral lamina absent (small) dorsolateral lamina | deep as aofo | fused | fused | unfused | fused |
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| present but low (large) | | | | | |
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| Aofo and lateral surface merge | — | edge | edge | merge | merge |
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| Rostral margin of lamina concave or straight | — | convex | cnvx/straight | straight | convex |
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| Jugal articular surface exceeds that of ventral ramus | — | equal | equal | exceeds | equal |
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| Caudal margin of jugal contact subvertical | caudodorsal | caudodorsal | caudodorsal | subvertical | caudodorsal |
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| Rostral margin of ventral ramus not embayed by aofen | embayed | embayed | embayed | not embayed | not embayed |
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| Dorsal pr. of rostral ramus present | present | present | elongate | — | present |
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| Jugal |
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| Caudodorsally declined po. pr. (small), or erect (large) | erect | erect | erect | erect | erect |
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| Orbital margin level and elongate | — | level/elongate | cdrsl/concave | level | concave |
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| Maxillary process shallow | — | deep | deep | shallow | deep |
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| Jugal pneumatic recess a narrow slit | slit | slit | slit | wide | wide |
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| Caudal edge of recess united with or merged beneath lacrimal | — | merge | merge | merge | merge |
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| Caudal edge of pr. resorbed (small) or not resorbed (large) | not resorbed | resorbed | resorbed | not resorbed | resorbed |
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| po. artic. surf, to orbit floor | dorsal | dorsal | dorsal | floor | dorsal |
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| Overlapping medial lacrimal artic. surf | — | — | shelf-like | — | — |
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| Caudal margin of po. pr. sinuous or concave | cnvx/straight | — | sinuous | sinuous | sinuous/straight |
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| Lateral surface flat or convex beneath po. pr. | convex | concave | pocket | convex | concave |
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| Cornual pr. narrow | narrow | narrow | wide | narrow | wide |
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| Cornual pr. pronounced or low | pronounced | low | pronounced | pronounced | variable |
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| qj. articular surface at or caudal to midlength of qj. pr. | — | — | rostral | rostral | rostral |
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| qj. articular surface ventral margin horizontal or rostro dorsal | rostrodorsal | rostrodorsal | rostrodorsal | rostrodorsal | horizontal |
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| Cleft between max. prs. horizontal | horizontal | horizontal | caudodorsal | — | — |
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| Contribution to aofen extensive | extensive | extensive | extensive | limited | limited |
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| Postorbital |
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| Frontal pr. elongate (small) short (large) | short | short | short | elongate | short |
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| Frontal process shallow | deep | deep | deep | shallow | deep |
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| Squamosal pr. slender | deep | — | deep | slender | deep |
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| Cornual process a depression (small), or tab (large) | knob | boss | boss | irregular surf | boss |
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| Jugal ramus elongate and slender | broad | broad | broad | slender | broad |
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| Jugal articular surface shallow | — | — | cleft | — | — |
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| Rostral and caudal margins of jugal process parallel distally | converge | converge | taper | taper | taper |
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| Dorsotemporal fossa shallow (small) or deep (large) | deep | deep | deep | shallow | deep |
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| dtf not bounded by a ridge (small) low ridge present (large) | present | present | present | present | present |
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| sq. pr. ventral margin concave (small) sinuous (large) | concave | — | variable | sinuous | sinuous |
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| Dorsal margin of bone vertical | everted | — | everted | vertical | everted |
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| Squamosal articular surface rostral to ltfen | rostral | rostral | caudal | rostral | rostral |
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| Suborbital process absent | absent | absent | present | absent | present |
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| Frontal |
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| Orbital margin within a vertical slot | slot | slot | slot | margin | slot |
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| Lacrimal notch long and narrow | — | — | short/wide | long/narrow | short/wide |
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| Paired frontals longer than wide | — | — | width=length | width<length | width>length |
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| Dorsotemporal fossa shallow | deep | deep | deep | shallow | deep |
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| Frontals flat to meet at midline Prefrontal articular surface narrow in dorsal view | dorsomedial narrow | dorsomedial — | ventromedial wide | flat narrow | flat wide |
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| Rostral margin of dtfo arcuate | arcuate | arcuate | straight | arcuate | backswept |
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| Parietal |
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| Nuchal crest low in caudal view | low | tall | tall | low | tall |
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| Lateral surface of nuchal crest rugose | dorsal | — | — | smooth | dorsal |
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| Low sagittal crest | deep | | deep | deep | deep |
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| Basioccipital |
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| Occ. con. caudoventrally flat | spherical | — | spherical | flat | spherical |
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| Lateral margins of occ. con. converge ventrally | round | — | round | converge | round |
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| Ventral surface of basituberal web flat and arched | flat, arched | — | blade level | flat arched | blade level |
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| Bone ventral to occ. con. convex | convex | concave | concave | ?convex | flat |
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| Basal tuber poorly developed | rugose | — | rugose | smooth | rugose |
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| Basisphenoid |
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| Basipterygoid process flat rostrolaterally | — | — | rostral | — | — |
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| Basis, pn. for. small and ventral | small, ventral | — | deep dorsal | small ventral | large dorsal |
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| Ventral margin of bone slopes at a low angle | low | steep | steep | low | steep |
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| Oval scar smooth | smooth | — | coarse | smooth | coarse |
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| Oval scar ventromedial | ventromedial | ventromedial | ventral | lateroventral | variable |
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| Oval scar narrow | wide | wide | wide | narrow | wide |
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| Vomer |
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| Slender neck between palatine and pmx prs. | — | — | deep convex | — | — |
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| Palatine |
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| Caudal pn. recess elongate | — | — | round | round | round |
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| Bone laterally compressed (small) inflated (large) | inflated | inflated | inflated | inflated | inflated |
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| Shallow vomer process | deep | — | deep | intermediate | intermediate |
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| Surangular |
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| Fossa lateral to glenoid absent (small) shallow and smooth (large) | deep rugose | — | deep rugose | shllw smth | deep rugose |
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| Caudal margin of retroarticular process concave (small) straight to convex (large) | — | concave | concave | concave | concave |
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| Bone shallow | deep | deep | deep | shallow | deep |
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| Intramandibular process stout and deep | — | elongate | stout deep | — | stout deep |
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| Intramnd. pr. and plate joined by shallow curve or con fluent | angle | angle | angle/cnflnt | confluent | confluent |
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| Rostral plate flat | flat | flat | convex | convex | convex |
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| Surangular shelf slants rostroventrally or horizontally | hrz/rv/rd | rostrodorsal | hz/rd | — | horizontal |
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| Lateral margin of shelf projects lateroventrally | horizontal | lateroventral | depressed | horizontal | depressed |
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| Dorsomedial pr. low and bladelike or tall | — | tall | variable | — | low |
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| Indistinct M. add. mand. ext. scar | — | inset | coarse | — | coarse |
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| Caudal surangular foramen small Caudal surangular foramen round | large asymmetrical | large asymmetrical | large asymmetrical | small round | large asymmetrical |
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| Prearticular |
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| Lateral angular facet aliform (small) flat, not aliform (large) | — | flat | flat | — | flat |
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| Dorsal margin caudal | — | rostral | rostral | caudal | rostral |
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| Shallow caudal ramus | — | deep | deep | shallow | deep |
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| Straplike rostral lamina | — | — | paddlelike | straplike | paddlelike |
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| Caudodorsal margin smooth | — | scarred | scarred | smooth | scarred |
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| Dentary |
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| Bone wide as deep (small) deeper than wide (large) | depth>width | depth>width | depth>width | depth>width | depth>width |
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| Angular process shallow | deep | deep | deep | shallow | deep |
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| Symphyseal surface flat | — | flat/rugose | flat/rugose | — | flat |
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| Splenial facet with light ridges | — | — | deep | — | — |
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