Fleas are parasitic scorpionflies Author Tihelka, Erik Author Giacomelli, Mattia Author Huang, Di-Ying Author Pisani, Davide Author Donoghue, Philip C. J. Author Cai, Chen-Yang text Palaeoentomology 2020 2020-12-21 3 6 641 653 journal article 10.11646/palaeoentomology.3.6.16 4384140 9B7B23CF-5A1E-44EB-A1D4-59DDBF321938

TABLE 1. Results of approximately unbiased (AU), weighted Kishino-Hasegawa (KH), and weighted Shimodaira-Hasegawa (SH) tests comparing historically proposed hypotheses of flea placement. 𝑃-value> 0.05: topology not rejected; 𝑃-value <0.05: topology rejected significantly (*); 𝑃-value = 0: topology rejected with high significance.

Topology	Refs.	P AU	P KH	P SH
((Boreidae (Pistillifera (Nannochoristidae, Siphonaptera))) Diptera) Whiting, 2002b fleas sister to Nannochoristidae, nested within scorpionflies		0.9988	0.9988	1.0000
((Pistillifera (Nannochoristidae (Boreidae, Siphonaptera))) Diptera) Whiting, 2002a; Whiting et al., fleas sister to Boreidae, next to Nannochoristidae, nested within 2003 scorpionflies		0.0000*	0.0000*	0.0001*
((Nannochoristidae (Pistillifera (Boreidae, Siphonaptera))) Diptera) Whiting, 2003; Whiting et al., fleas sister to Boreidae, nested within scorpionflies, with 2003 Nannochoristidae as earliest-diverging mecopteran family		0.0009*	0.0000*	0.0000*
((Mecoptera, Siphonaptera) Diptera)	Dallai et al., 2003; Ishiwata et	0.0018*	0.0012*	0.0359*
fleas sister to scorpionflies	al., 2011; Kristensen, 1975, 1981; McKenna & Farrell, 2010; Misof et al., 2014; Peters et al., 2014; Wiegmann et al., 2009
((Diptera, Siphonaptera) Mecoptera) fleas sister to true flies	Beutel et al., 2011; Boudreaux, 1979; Sharov, 1966; Zhao et al., 2020	0.0000*	0.0000*	0.0000*
((Mecoptera, Diptera) Siphonaptera) fleas sister to scorpionflies and flies	Kristensen, 1991	0.0021*	0.0000*	0.0000*
(((Diptera, Siphonaptera) Nannochoristidae), remaining Mecoptera) Wood & Borkent, 1989 fleas sister to flies, within a paraphyletic Mecoptera		0.2105	0.0000*	0.0000*