Karanjin Author Singh, A. Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India Author Bhatt, G. Author Gujre, N. Author Mitra, S. Author Swaminathan, R. Author Limaye, A. M. Author Rangan, L. text Phytochemistry 2021 112641 2021-03-31 183 1 13 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112641 journal article 264548 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112641 5ca76737-bf9d-472b-87d5-6d98a5ae7f66 1873-3700 8291563

Table 3 In vivo studies of pharmacological effects of karanjin.

S.	Animal model	Pharmacological	Methods	Result obtained	Reference
No.		effect
1	Streptozotocin-induced diabetic	Anti-	Diabetic animals were orally administered	a. Karanjin lowered the blood glucose level by	Tamrakar et al.
	rats and hyperglycemic,	hyperglycemic	suspension of karanjin (50 and 100 mg	11.7% and 20.7% at 50 and 100 mg kg 1 dose,	(2008)
	hyperlipidemic, and		kg 1) prepared in 1.0% gum acacia. Animals	respectively after 6 h post-oral administration.
	hyperinsulinemic db/db mice		of the control group were given an equal
			amount of 1.0% gum acacia. Blood glucose
			levels were checked at regular intervals
			post-administration of test sample/vehicle.
				b. Karanjin also found to regulate protein
				tyrosine phosphatase-1β (PTP-1β) enzyme
				activity, which could be a possible target and
				reason for its activity.
2	Stress-induced male Wistar	Anti-ulcer	a. Karanjin (8–56 μg ml 1) was tested for	a. Karanjin possessed inhibitory activity on	Vismaya et al.
	albino rats		inhibition of H+, K+-ATPase enzymatic	H+, K+-ATPase (IC 39.5 μg ml 1). 50	(2011)
			activity.
			b. Karanjin is orally administered for 14	b. Karanjin inhibited 50 and 74% of ulcers
			days at 10 and 20 mg kg 1 to swim and	induced by swim stress at 10 and 20 mg kg 1
			ethanol stress-induced rats.	b.w., respectively.
			c. Tissue homogenate and gastric mucin and	c. Rats treated with karanjin (10 and 20 mg
			TBARS were examined and analyzed.	kg 1 b.w.) showed 3-fold increase in gastric
				mucin level.
				d. Karanjin could inhibit oxidative stress as
				evidenced by the normalization of lipid
				peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes.
3	Adjuvant induced arthritis	Anti-	a. Karanjin is orally administered (10 mg	a. Karanjin reduced joint injury and cartilage	Bose et al.
	model (AIA) Wistar strain male	inflammatory	kg 1 per day) to Freund’ s complete	damage along with edema and erythema as	(2014a)
	albino rats		adjuvant (FCA) induced arthritis in rats.	evident from radiographic analysis,
			Evaluation of serum lysosomal enzymes,	histological examination, and arthritis score.
			serum interleukin TNFα, urinary parameters
			(hydroxyproline and glucosamine) levels in
			the AIA model were carried out. Moreover,
			assessment of arthritis score,
			histopathological examination, and
radiographic analysis were examined in the
			AIA model.
			b. Assessment of generation of NO (karanjin:	b. Karanjin significantly decreased serum
			2, 4 and 6 μg ml 1), TNFα (karanjin: 4 and 6	TNFα level in the AIA model and LPS
			μg ml 1) and ROS (karanjin: 4 and 6 μg	stimulated macrophages.
			ml 1) from LPS induced rat peritoneal
			macrophages were examined.
				c. Karanjin suppressed major pro-
				inflammatory cytokines TNFα and NF-κB, the
				key regulator of TNFα signaling during
				inflammation, thereby, thereby inhibiting
				ROS and NO production.
4	DSS induced colitic female	Anti-colitis	a. Karanjin (100 and 200 mg kg 1 per day) is	a. Karanjin significantly inhibited the colonic	Patel and
	C57BL6 mice and TNBS induced		orally administered for 7 days.	edema with colon weight/length ratio of	Trivedi (2015);
	colitic Balb/C mice			0.116 at 200 mg kg 1.	Patel and
					Trivedi (2017)
			b. Assessment of colitis severity, body	b. Karanjin significantly ameliorated
			weight, colon length, and biochemical	experimental colitis and histological injury
			(MPO, NO, SOD, GSH, CAT, and MDA) and	and restore the normal architecture of the
			histological analysis of specimens were	colon.
			carried out after the treatment of karanjin.
				c. Karanjin showed a decrement in MDA and
				NO level and helped in restoring the level of
				CAT, SOD, and GSH to normal level indicating
				its colitis protective effect due to anti-
				oxidation and immunomodulation properties
				of karanjin.
5	Diazepam-induced male swiss	Anti-Alzheimer	Karanjin is orally administered (25 and 50	Karanjin showed significant improvement in	Saini et al.
	albino mice		mg kg 1) to diapezam induced amnestic	learning by inhibiting symptoms of diazepam-	(2017)
			mice for 8 days and evaluated by EPM and	induced memory loss and free radical
			MWZ tests.	neutralizing activity.