Research Reconciling fossils with phylogenies reveals the origin and macroevolutionary processes explaining the global cycad biodiversity Author Coiro 1, Mario Author Allio, R ́ emi Author Mazet, Nathan Author Seyfullah 1, Leyla J. Author Condamine, Fabien L. text New Phytologist 2023 2023-05-01 2023 1 20 journal article 10.1111/nph.19010 8033690

Table 2 Ancestral ranges for main cycad clades as estimated with the biogeographic analyses under the Dispersal – Extinction – Cladogenesis model (14 areas and four time slices) applied to the phylogeny including extant species only or extant and extinct species.

		Ancestral ranges estimated with extant and extinct cycads				Ancestral ranges estimated with extant cycads only
For each clade, the most likely ancestral range (Best) as well as the second and third most likely range are reported. A range can be composed of several areas (denoted with +). Area abbreviations defined as follows: WP, West Palearctic; EP, East Palearctic; WN, West Nearctic; EN, East Nearctic; CA, Central America; WI, Caribbean Islands; SA, South America; AF, Africa; IN, India; WA, Southeast Asia; AU, Australasia; GR, Greenland; AN, Antarctica. The Interpretation column translates the estimated ancestral ranges into major biogeographical and geological entities. Ma, million years ago.
	Median
Cycad clades	age (Ma)	Best	Second	Third	Interpretation	Best	Second	Third	Interpretation
Cycadales	330.4	WP + EP	WP	WP + EP + GR	Laurasia	WP + EP + EN +	WP + EN + AF +	WP + EP +	Pangea
						AF + AN	AU + AN	EN + AF
Zamiaceae	183.5	WP + EN + CA +	WP + EN + WI +	WP + EN + AF +	Pangea	CA + AF + IN+AU + AN	CA + WI + AF +	EN + CA + AF +	Gondwana
		SA + GR	SA + GR	GR + AN			AU + AN	AU + AN
Zaminae	143.7	WP + EN +	WP + EN + WI + GR	WP + EN + CA +	Laurasia	CA + AF	CA + WI + AF	CA + AF + AN	Western
		CA + GR		WI + GR					Gondwana
Encephalartinae	81.3	EN + WI + SA +	CA + WI + SA +	WI + SA + AU +	Western	AU	–	–	Australasia
		AU + AN	AU + AN	AN	Gondwana
Ceratozamia-Stangeria	131.0	WP	WP + GR	WP + EN + GR	Laurasia	CA + AF	–	–	Western
									Gondwana
Encephalartos-Lepidozamia	67.2	EN + WI + SA +	CA + WI + SA +	–	Western	AU	–	–	Australasia
		AU + AN	AU + AN		Gondwana
Zamia-Microcycas	90.5	CA + WI	CA	WI	Central	CA + WI	CA	WI	Central
					America				America
Cycas	24.4	EP + WA	WA	–	Eastern Asia	WA	EP + WA	–	Eastern Asia
Bowenia	32.8	AU	–	–	Australasia	AU	–	–	Australasia
Dioon	32.1	CA	–	–	Central	CA	–	–	Central
					America				America
Ceratozamia	22.2	WP + EP +	–	–	Holarctic	CA	–	–	Central
		WN + CA							America
Encephalartos	21.1	EP + AF +	EP + AF + WA	–	Paleotropics	EP + AF + WA + AU	EP + AF + WA	–	Paleotropics
		WA + AU
Macrozamia	18.6	AU	–	–	Australasia	AU	–	–	Australasia
Lepidozamia	25.3	AU	–	–	Australasia	AU	–	–	Australasia
Zamia	26.3	CA	–	–	Central	CA	CA + WI	–	Central
					America				America