Among the world ’ s smallest vertebrates: a new miniaturized flea-toad (Brachycephalidae) from the Atlantic rainforest
Author
Toledo, Luís Felipe
Author
Botelho, Lucas Machado
Author
Carrasco-Medina, Andres Santiago
Author
Gray, Jaimi A.
Author
Ernetti, Julia R.
Author
Gama, Joana Moura
Author
Lyra, Mariana Lucio
Author
Blackburn, David C.
Author
Nunes, Ivan
Author
Muscat, Edelcio
text
PeerJ
2024
2024-10-25
12
e 18265
e 18265
journal article
304852
10.7717/peerj.18265
15e5437a-1295-45d0-aefd-c8f768fc5cb2
PMC11514764
39469590
14000715
Table 2 Advertisement call traits described for three flea-toads species from Brachycephalus genus. Call traits present as mean ± standard deviation (range). | Brachycephalus dacnis six individuals (including the holotype) Dacnis, Ubatuba | Brachycephalus dacnis Corcovado, SP and Trilha do Corisco, RƖ | Brachycephalus hermogenesi five individuals Ubatuba | Brachycephalus hermogenesi Several locations | Brachycephalus sulfuratus four topotypes São Francisco do Sul | Brachycephalus sulfuratus Several locations |
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| Call duration (s) | 0.05 ± 0.01 | - | 0.56 ± 0.14 | - | 1.70 ± 0.10 | - |
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| (0.03–0.41) | | (0.41–0.78) | | (1.50–2.30) | |
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| Inter-call interval (s) | 2.1 ± 0.06 | - | 2.70 ± 0.15 | - | 4.5 ± 1.7 | - |
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| (1.67–2.69) | | (2.52–2.91) | | (3.1–7.4) | |
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| Number of notes per call | 1–2 | – | 2–6 | – | 4–6 | – |
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| Presence of attenuated notes * | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No |
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| Note duration (s) | The same as call | - | 0.25 ± 0.04 | - | 0.17 ± 0.01 | - |
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| duration | | (0.17–0.27) | | (0.13–0.21) | |
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| Inter-note interval (s) | n/a | - | 2.70 ± 0.15 | - | n/a | - |
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| | | (2.52–2.91) | | | |
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| Note repetition rate | 19.58 ± 1.84 | - | 4.12 ± 0.48 | - | 0.2 ± 0.1 | - |
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| (notes/s) | (12.55–29.41) | | (3.58–4.88) | | (0.2–0.3) | |
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| Number of pulses per note | 3–7 | 1–16 | 1–2 | 2–3 | 7–9 | 2–14 |
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| Minimum frequency | 7.27 ± 0.12 | - | 7.94 ± 0.08 | - | 4.9 ± 0.3 | - |
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| (Frequency 5%) (kHz) | (6.89–7.50) | | (7.84–8.01) | | (4.5–5.2) | |
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| Dominant frequency | 8.22 ± 0.10 | - | 8.38 ± 0.18 | - | 6.6 ± 0.1 | - |
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| (kHz) | (8.01–8.44) | | (8.18–8.61) | | (6.5–6.7) | |
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| Maximum frequency | 8.62 ± 0.03 | - | 8.91 ± 0.19 | - | 9.1 ± 0.2 | - |
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| (Frequency 95%) (kHz) | (8.44–8.96) | | (8.70–9.13) | | (9.0–10.7) | |
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| Frequency bandwidth | 1.35 ± 0.12 | - | 0.97 ± 0.18 | - | n/a | - |
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| (90%) (kHz) | (0.94–1.89) | | (0.78–1.29) | | | |
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| References | Present study | Bornschein et al. (2021) | Present study | Bornschein et al. (2021) | Condez et al. (2016) | Bornschein et al. (2021) |
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