Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps Author Georgieva, Magdalena N. Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom; & School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Author Little, Crispin T. S. School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Author Watson, Jonathan S. Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Author Sephton, Mark A. Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Author Ball, Alexander D. Core Research Laboratories, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom Author Glover, Adrian G. Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom; text Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2019 2017-12-28 17 4 287 329 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2017.1412362 journal article 292454 10.1080/14772019.2017.1412362 f4588aa6-45ea-464e-9c1a-db70fee0d4f7 1478-0941 10883381

Table 1. Summary of systematic designations of tubes from ancient hydrothermal vent and cold seep environments.

Fossil vent/seep tubes	Previous assignment	Current assignment	Notes
(continued)
PCA : principal coordinate analysis .
Rocky Knob	? Siboglinidae (Saether 2011)	Annelida incertae sedis	Not resolved by PCA or cladistics, broadly resemble vestimentiferan tubes.
Upper Waiau River	-	Animalia incertae sedis	Not resolved by more conservative cladistic analysis (Fig. 23A); missing data and surface concretions make them difficult to place.
Bexhaven	-	Serpulidae	Well preserved calcareous walls, resolved near serpulids by all analyses.
West Fork Satsop River	-	?Siboglinidae	Less conservative cladistic analysis (Fig. 23B) suggests possible siboglinid affinity.
Murdock Creek	-	?Siboglinidae	Less conservative cladistic analysis (Fig. 23B) suggests possible siboglinid affinity.
Canyon River	Siboglinidae vestimentiferan (Goedert et al. 2000)	? Siboglinidae?vestimentiferan	Not resolved by cladistic analyses; however, closely resemble vestimentiferan tubes.
Bear River	-	Animalia incertae sedis	Outer morphology of these tubes could not be assessed.
Omagari	Siboglinidae vestimentiferan (Hikida et al. 2003)	? Siboglinidae?vestimentiferan	Less conservative cladistic analysis (Fig. 23B) suggests possible siboglinid affinity; resembles vestimentiferan roots.
Okukinenbetsu yellow tubes	-	Annelida incertae sedis	Not resolved by cladistic analyses; outer morphology suggests likely annelid affinity.
Okukinenbetsu brown tubes	-	?Siboglinidae	Less conservative cladistic analysis (Fig. 23B) suggests possible siboglinid affinity.
Troodos collared tubes	Siboglinidae vestimentiferan (Little et al. 1999b)	? Siboglinidae?vestimentiferan	Less conservative cladistic analysis (Fig. 23B) suggests possible siboglinid affinity. Also resemble serpulid tubes, but resemble siboglinid tubes more closely.
Troodos wrinkled tubes	Siboglinidae vestimentiferan (Little et al. 1999b)	Siboglinidae vestimentiferan	Resolved near vestimentiferans by all analyses.
Troodos attached tubes	Siboglinidae vestimentiferan (Little et al. 1999b)	Annelida incertae sedis	Less conservative cladistic analysis (Fig. 23B) suggests possible siboglinid affinity, but cluster near serpulids in PCA plot. Characters consistent with both annelid families.
Christopher Fm. – Ellef Ringnes Island	Serpulidae (Beauchamp & Savard 1992), vestimentiferan (Williscroft et al. 2017)	? Siboglinidae?vestimentifera	Less conservative cladistic analysis (Fig. 23B) suggests possible vestimentiferan affinity.
Christopher Fm. – Prince Patrick Island	Serpulidae (Beauchamp & Savard 1992)	? Siboglinidae?vestimentifera	Less conservative cladistic analysis (Fig. 23B) suggests possible vestimentiferan affinity.
Cold Fork Cottonwood Creek	? Siboglinidae?vestimentifera (Campbell et al. 2002)	Annelida incertae sedis	Cladistic analyses suggest possible chaetopterid affinity but outer tube morphology could not be assessed.
Wilbur Springs	-	Animalia incertae sedis	Poorly preserved walls; single tube for which outer morphology could be assessed resembles scaphopod.
Svalbard	? Siboglinidae?vestimentiferan (Hammer et al. 2011; Hryniewicz et al. 2015)	Annelida incertae sedis	Do not clearly group within a modern annelid family in cladistic analyses, although one tube resembles those of siboglinids in section.
Figueroa	Siboglinidae vestimentiferan	Siboglinidae vestimentifera	Resolved among vestimentiferans by all analyses.
	(Little et al. 2004)
Tevidestus serriformis	Siboglinidae vestimentiferan	Annelida incertae sedis	Group near chaetopterid tubes in more conservative cladistic analysis
	(Little et al. 1999 c;		(Fig. 23 A); unresolved by less conservative cladistic analysis. Also
	Shpanskaya et al. 1999)		resemble siboglinid tubes in some respects.
Indeterminate annelid Sibay	? Annelida incertae sedis	? Annelida incertae sedis	Unresolved by cladistic analyses; tubes possibly resemble those of
	(Little et al. 1999 c)		annelids more than those of other tubicolous animals.
Eoalvinellodes annulatus	Annelida incertae sedis	Animalia incertae sedis	Less conservative cladistic analysis (Fig. 23 B), suggests possible
	(Little et al. 1999 c)		chaetopterid affinity, but morphology consistent with several
			annelid and potentially non-annelid lineages.
Yamankasia rifeia	Siboglinidae vestimentiferan	Animalia incertae sedis	Group with frenulates in cladistic analyses, but the combination of
	(Little et al. 1999 c;		large size and fine parallel wrinkles does not closely resemble any
	Shpanskaya et al. 1999)		of the modern annelid tubes investigated.