Phylogeography of Antarctic soil invertebrate fauna reveals ancient origins, repeated colonization and recent evolution Author Ross, Giles M. Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia and & Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands Author Rymer, Paul D. Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia and Author Cook, James M. Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia and Author Nielsen, Uffe N. Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia and text Antarctic Science 2025 Cambridge, England 2025-01-15 37 1 13 30 https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954102024000403 journal article 10.1017/S0954102024000403 1365-2079 15816846

Table I. Currently known species richness of the main invertebrate groups in continental (C), maritime (M) and sub-Antarctic (S) regions, alongside the sequenced genes for all species found within each region and estimated date of origin from cited references.

		Known species (n)				Estimated Antarctic arrival
Ancient
Ka = thousand years ago; LGM = Last Glacial Maximum; Ma = million years ago.
Invertebrate					Target	arrival (> 10
group	C	M	S	Total	genes	Ma)	Pre-LGM	Phylogeographical studies
Collembola	6	25	55	86	COI	∼ 11 – 21 Ma	-	Beet et al. 2016, Bennett et al. 2016, Carapelli et al.
					COII	C, M		2017a, Collins & Hogg 2015, Collins et al. 2019,
					18S			Fanciulli et al. 2001, Frati et al. 2001, Greenslade
					28S			et al. 2011, Hawes et al. 2010, McGaughran et al.
					16S			2008, 2010 a,c, 2011, 2019, Myburgh et al. 2007,
					ITS			Nolan et al. 2006, Stevens & Hogg 2003, 2006,
								Stevens et al. 2006 b, 2007, Torricelli et al. 2010a,b
Acari	5	22	78	106	COI	>34 Ma	-	McGaughran et al. 2008, Mortimer et al. 2011, Van
					18S	C, M		Vuuren et al. 2018
					H3
Nematoda	33	42	12	86	COI	∼ 30 Ma	-	Adams et al. 2014, Kagoshima et al. 2019, Lewis
					18S	C, M		et al. 2009, Maslen & Convey 2006, Nkem et al.
					28S			2006, Velasco-Castrillón & Stevens 2014
					ITS
Tardigrada	15	64	22	90	COI	∼ 40 Ma	>1 Ma	Cesari et al. 2016, Convey & McInnes 2005,
					18S	C	M, S	Czechowski et al. 2012, Guidetti et al. 2014,
					28S			McInnes 2010
					Wg
Rotifera	20	94	81	176	COI	-	∼ 130 Ka	Cromer et al. 2006, Fontaneto et al. 2011,
							C, S	Iakovenko et al. 2015, Velasco-Castrillón et al.
								2014b
Chironomidae	0	3	4	7	COI	-	>1 Ma	Allegrucci et al. 2006, 2012
					28S		S