Parasitoid complex associated with the flea weevil Orchestes alni L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Bulgaria and a review of host-parasitoid interactions of genus Orchestes Illiger Author Todorov, Ivaylo Department of Animal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria; Author Boyadzhiev, Peter Department of Zoology, University of Plovdiv “ Paisii Hilendarski ”, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Author Antov, Miroslav Department of Zoology, University of Plovdiv “ Paisii Hilendarski ”, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Author Samartsev, Konstantin Laboratory of Experimental Entomology, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation; Author Barta, Marek Plant Pathology & Mycology Research Group, Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia; Author Toshova, Teodora Department of Animal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria; Author Askew, Richard Rue Lou Peyrol, St. Marcel du Périgord, 24510 Nouvelle Aquitaine, France & Department of Animal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria; text Journal of Natural History 2024 2024-09-20 58 41 - 44 1845 1870 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2398177 journal article 10.1080/00222933.2024.2398177 1464-5262 14241632

Table 3. List of Chalcidoidea species currently known to attack the leaf mines of the elm flea weevil, Orchestes alni, and/or other species of the genus Orchestes. Species which can be considered as clearly associated with the Orchestes larvae or pupae are marked with an asterisk.

		Recorded associations with
(Continued)
(Continued)
(Continued)
In this table, when the particular host-parasitoid associations are listed equally in Noyes (2019) and UCD Community (2023), only the second database is cited. In cases when Noyes (2019) and UCD Community (2023) present different or not equal references about a particular association, both databases are cited for completeness.
Parasitoid species	Recorded association with O. alni	other Orchestes species
Chalcididae
Conura side (Walker, 1843)	−	O. pallicornis (Peck 1951; Noyes 2019)
Eulophidae
* Baryscapus endemus	Rheinheimer and Hassler (2010)	O. fagi (Bukovskii 1938; Noyes 2019); O. quercus
(Walker, 1839)		(Bukovskii 1938; Bukovskii 1940; Noyes 2019)
Baryscapus malophilus (Burks,	−	O. pallicornis (UCD Community 2023)
1943)
Baryscapus nigroviolaceus	Current study	O. quercus (Ratzeburg 1848; Noyes 2019; UCD
(Nees, 1834)		Community 2023)
Baryscapus pospelovi	−	O. testaceus (Ruschka 1924; Noyes 2019; UCD
(Kurdjumov, 1912)		Community 2023)
Baryscapus servadeii	−	O. steppensis (Li et al. 2018)
(Domenichini, 1965)
* Burkseus vittatus (Walker,	Noyes, (2019)	O. fagi (Ratzeburg 1852; Schindler 1966; UCD
1838)		Community 2023); O. quercus (Bukovskii
		1940); O. rusci (UCD Community 2023)
* Chrysocharis nephereus	Oldham (1928); Askew and Shaw	O. amurensis (UCD Community 2023);
(Walker, 1839)	(1974); Noyes, (2019); UCD	O. aterrimus (UCD Community 2023) O. fagi
	Community (2023); current study	(Bakkendorf 1965; Pelov et al. 1993;
		Woodcock and Vanbergen 2008; UCD
		Community 2023); O. hortorum (Noyes 2019;
		UCD Community 2023); O. quercus
		(Ratzeburg 1844, 1848; Bukovskii 1938, 1940;
		Noyes 2019; UCD Community 2023); O. rusci
		(Noyes 2019; UCD Community 2023);
		O. subfasciatus (UCD Community 2023);
		O. testaceus (UCD Community 2023)
* Chrysocharis nitetis (Walker,	UCD Community (2023)	O. fagi (Ruschka 1924; Noyes 2019, UCD
1839)		Community 2023); O. hortorum (UCD
		Community 2023); O. testaceus (UCD
		Community 2023)
* Chrysocharis pentheus	Current study	O. amurensis (UCD Community 2023);
(Walker, 1839)		O. quercus (Noyes 2019; UCD Community
		2023); O. koltzei (UCD Community 2023);
		O. mutabilis (UCD Community 2023);
		O. pallicornis (Peck 1951; Noyes 2019;
		Eiseman 2022; UCD Community 2023);
		O. steppensis (Li et al. 2018)
* Chrysocharis purpurea	UCD Community (2023)	O. koltzei (Ikeda 1995); O. mutabilis (Ikeda
Bukovskii, 1938		1995); O. quercus (Bukovskii 1938, 1940; UCD
		Community 2023); O. testaceus (UCD
		Community 2023)
Chrysocharis submutica	−	O. betuleti (Strakhova and Zotov 2010)
Graham, 1963
* Chrysocharis ujiyei Kamijo,	−	O. amurensis (UCD Community 2023);
1977		O. aterrimus (Ikeda 1995); O. koltzei (Ikeda
		1995); O. mutabilis (UCD Community 2023);
		O. sanguinipes (UCD Community 2023)
* Cirrospilus diallus Walker,	Noyes (2019)	O. fagi (Ratzeburg 1852; Bakkendorf 1965;
1838		Schindler 1966; Noyes 2019, UCD
		Community 2023); O. hortorum (UCD
		Community 2023); O. koltzei (UCD
		Community 2023); O. quercus (Ratzeburg
		1848; Noyes 2019; UCD Community 2023)
Cirrospilus elegantissimus	−	O. fagi (Kudela 1974; Kosheleva 2019)
Westwood, 1832
Cirrospilus ingenuus Gahan,	−	O. mangiferae (Peter and Balasubramanian
1932		1984)
Parasitoid species	Recorded association with O. alni	other Orchestes species
Cirrospilus isonoi Kamijo, 1987	−	O. galloisi (UCD Community 2023)
Cirrospilus lyncus Walker,	Current study	−
1838
Cirrospilus pictus (Nees, 1834)	Ratzeburg (1848); Oldham (1928);	O. quercus (Noyes 2019)
	current study
Cirrospilus viticola (Rondani,	−	O. quercus (Bukovskii 1938, 1940; Noyes 2019;
1877)		UCD Community 2023)
Closterocerus ruforum	Current study	−
(Krausse, 1917)
* Closterocerus trifasciatus	UCD Community; current study	O. betuleti (Strakhova and Zotov 2010); O. fagi
Westwood, 1833		(UCD Community 2023); O. hortorum (UCD
		Community 2023); O. quercus (Ratzeburg
		1844, 1848; Bukovskii 1940; UCD Community
2023)
Entedon confinis Ratzeburg,	−	O. quercus (Ratzeburg 1848; De Gaulle 1908;
1848		UCD Community 2023)
Entedon luteipes Ratzeburg,	−	O. fagi (Ratzeburg 1852; UCD Community 2023)
1848
Entedon punctiscapus	−	O. hortorum (Askew and Shaw 1974); O. fagi
Thomson, 1878		(Askew and Shaw 1974)
Eulophus larvarum (Linnaeus,	−	O. quercus (Ratzeburg 1848; UCD Community
1758)		2023); O. pilosus (Ratzeburg 1848; UCD
		Community 2023)
Eulophus ramicornis	−	O. quercus (Ratzeburg 1848, Kudela 1974);
(Fabricius, 1781)		O. pilosus (Ratzeburg 1848)
* Minotetrastichus frontalis	Oldham (1928); Noyes (2019)	O. betuleti (Strakhova and Zotov 2010); O. fagi
(Nees, 1834)		(Ratzeburg 1844; Ruschka 1924; Noyes 2019);
		O. pallicornis (Burks 1943; Noyes 2019; UCD
		Community 2023); O. quercus (Ratzeburg
		1848; Bukovskii 1940); O. testaceus (Ruschka
1924)
Minotetrastichus platanellus	Current study	O. fagi (Tsankov and Stalev 1992)
(Mercet, 1922)
Neochrysocharis chlorogaster	−	O. hortorum (Askew and Shaw 1974); O. quercus
(Erdos, 1966)		(Askew and Shaw 1974)
Neochrysocharis formosus	−	O. quercus (Ratzeburg 1848; Noyes 2019)
(Westwood, 1833)
Neochrysocharis longiventris	−	Orchestes fagi (Noyes 2019; UCD Community
(Askew, 1979)		2023)
Pediobius planiventris	−	O. quercus (Kosheleva 2019)
(Thomson, 1878)
Pediobius pyrgo (Walker,	−	O. quercus (Bukovskii 1940; UCD Community
1839)		2023)
* Pediobius saulius (Walker,	Bukovskii (1938); UCD Community	O. betuleti (Strakhova and Zotov 2010); O. fagi
1839)	(2023); current study	(Bouček 1965; Hernández-López et al. 2012;
		UCD Community 2023); O. hortorum (UCD
		Community 2023); O. quercus (Ratzeburg
		1844, 1848; Bukovskii 1938, 1940; UCD
		Community 2023); O. testaceus (UCD
		Community 2023)
* Pnigalio agraules (Walker,	Rondani (1872); UCD Community	O. fagi (Graham 1963, Bakkendorf 1965; UCD
1839)	(2023); current study	Community 2023); O. hortorum (UCD
		Community 2023); O. quercus (Askew and
		Shaw 1974; UCD Community 2023); O. rusci
		(Askew 1964, 1968; Askew and Shaw 1974;
		UCD Community 2023); O. testaceus (UCD
		Community 2023)
Pnigalio cruciatus (Ratzeburg,	Oldham (1928); Noyes (2019); UCD	O. fagi (Ratzeburg 1848, Noyes 2019)
1848)	Community (2023)
Parasitoid species	Recorded association with O. alni	other Orchestes species
* Pnigalio longulus	−	O. fagi (Ruschka 1924; Bakkendorf 1965; Askew
(Zetterstedt, 1838)		and Shaw 1974; Woodcock and Vanbergen
		2008; UCD Community 2023); O. quercus
		(UCD Community 2023); O. rusci (Askew and
		Shaw 1974; UCD Community 2023)
Pnigalio obscurus (Ratzeburg,	−	O. quercus (UCD Community 2023)
1848)
* Pnigalio pectinicornis	Ratzeburg (1848); Askew and Shaw	O. fagi (Bakkendorf 1965; Noyes 2019, UCD
(Linnaeus, 1758)	(1974); UCD Community (2023)	Community 2023); O. hortorum (UCD
		Community 2023); O. quercus (Ratzeburg
		1848; Rondani 1872; Bukovskii 1940; Noyes
		2019; UCD Community 2023); O. testaceus
		(UCD Community 2023)
* Pnigalio soemius (Walker,	−	O. hortorum (UCD Community 2023); O. fagi
1839)		(Woodcock and Vanbergen 2008; UCD
		Community 2023); O. quercus (UCD
		Community 2023); O. rusci (UCD Community
		2023); O. testaceus (UCD Community 2023).
Tetrastichus leocrates (Walker,	UCD Community (2023)	O. testaceus (Hansson and Schmidt 2020)
1839)
* Tetrastichus miser (Nees,	Domenichini (1965); UCD Community	O. fagi (UCD Community 2023); O. hortorum
1834)	(2023); current study	(UCD Community 2023); O. quercus
		(Ratzeburg 1848; UCD Community 2023);
		O. pilosus (Ratzeburg 1848; UCD Community
		2023); O. rusci (Ratzeburg 1852; UCD
		Community 2023); O. testaceus (Szőcs et al.
2015)
Zagrammosoma interlineatum	−	O. mixtus (Eiseman 2022)
Girault, 1916
Eupelmidae
Eupelmus barai Fusu, 2017	Current study	−
Eupelmus confusus Al khatib,	Current study	−
2015
Eupelmus urozonus Dalman,	Current study	O. hustachei (UCD Community 2023); O. quercus
1820		(Bukovskii 1940)
Eupelmus vesicularis (Retzius,	−	O. steppensis (Looney et al. 2012)
1783)
Eurytomidae
Eurytoma appendigaster	−	O. quercus (Bukovskii 1940)
(Swederus, 1795)
Pteromalidae
Eurydinoteloides incertus	−	O. pallicornis (Houser 1923; Flint et al. 1924)
(Ashmead, 1893)
Jaliscoa hunteri (Crawford,	−	O. pallicornis (Burks 1958; UCD Community
1908)		2023)
Pteromalus dispar (Curtis,	−	O. fagi (Rudow 1918); O. pilosus (Ratzeburg
1827)		1848); O. quercus (Ratzeburg 1848; Bukovskii
1938)
Pteromalus metallifemur	−	O. fagi (Bukovskii 1938, 1940); O. quercus
(Bukovskii, 1938)		(Bukovskii 1938, 1940)
Pteromalus timidus Dalla	−	O. fagi (Rudow 1918; Kudela 1974)
Torre, 1898
Pteromalus varians (Spinola,	Current study	O. steppensis (Li et al. 2018)
1808)
Trichomalus daimenes	Hoffmann (1958)	−
(Walker, 1839)
Parasitoid species	Recorded association with O. alni	other Orchestes species
* Trichomalus inscitus Walker,	Oldham (1928); Delucchi and Graham O. fagi (Bakkendorf 1965; Delucchi and Graham
1835	(1956); UCD Community (2023);	1956; Bukovskii 1938; UCD Community
	current study	2023); O. pallicornis (Mundinger 1951; Noyes
		2019; UCD Community 2023); O. quercus
		(Ratzeburg 1848; Bukovskii 1938, 1940; UCD
		Community 2023); O. testaceus (Ruschka
		1924; Bukovskii 1938; Noyes 2019; UCD
		Community 2023)