Parasitoid complex associated with the flea weevil Orchestes alni L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Bulgaria and a review of host-parasitoid interactions of genus Orchestes Illiger Author Todorov, Ivaylo Department of Animal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria; Author Boyadzhiev, Peter Department of Zoology, University of Plovdiv “ Paisii Hilendarski ”, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Author Antov, Miroslav Department of Zoology, University of Plovdiv “ Paisii Hilendarski ”, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Author Samartsev, Konstantin Laboratory of Experimental Entomology, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation; Author Barta, Marek Plant Pathology & Mycology Research Group, Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia; Author Toshova, Teodora Department of Animal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria; Author Askew, Richard Rue Lou Peyrol, St. Marcel du Périgord, 24510 Nouvelle Aquitaine, France & Department of Animal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria; text Journal of Natural History 2024 2024-09-20 58 41 - 44 1845 1870 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2398177 journal article 10.1080/00222933.2024.2398177 1464-5262 14241632

Table 1. Parasitoid complex of the European flea weevil, Orchestes alni, reared from leaves of Ulmus minor in Sofia during the years 2018, 2019 and 2023. Species newly reported here as associated with O. alni or with the genus Orchestes are marked with one or two asterisks, respectively. (ec – ectoparasitoid; en – endoparasitoid).

Species	Feeding type	Number of specimens	Total number (%)	Period of emergence
Braconidae
Eubazus minutus (Ratzeburg, 1848)	en	20♀, 37♂	57	27–31 May 2019; 31
			(10)	May–20 June 2023
Triaspis pallipes (Nees, 1816)	en	2♀, 3♂	5	21–31 May 2019
			(0.88)
Ichneumonidae
Itoplectis cf. maculator (Fabricius, 1775)	en	1♂	1	20 June 2023
			(0.18)
Eulophidae
* Baryscapus nigroviolaceus (Nees, 1834)	en	3♀, 3♂	6	11–20 June 2018
			(1.06)
Chrysocharis nephereus (Walker, 1839)	en	9♀, 6♂	15	27 May–30 June
			(2.64)	2019; 20–25 June
				2023
* Chrysocharis pentheus (Walker, 1839)	en	8♀, 2♂	10	5 June 2018; 19 May–
			(1.76)	30 June 2019; 5 June
				2023
** Cirrospilus lyncus Walker, 1838	ec	1♀	1	14 June 2018
			(0.18)
Cirrospilus pictus (Nees, 1834)	ec	1♂	1	5 June 2018
			(0.18)
** Closterocerus ruforum (Krausse, 1917)	en	1♀	1	5 June 2018
			(0.18)
Closterocerus trifasciatus Westwood, 1833	en	1♀	1	30 June 2019
			(0.18)
* Minotetrastichus platanellus (Mercet,	ec	88♀, 14♂	102	3–19 June 2018; 24
1922)			(17.96)	May–20 June 2019;
				3–25 June 2023
Pediobius saulius (Walker, 1839)	en	22♀, 10♂	32	5–21 June 2018; 31
			(5.63)	May–20 June 2019;
				3–25 June 2023
Pnigalio agraules (Walker, 1839)	ec	81♀, 71♂	152	19 May–30 June
			(26.76)	2019;
				3–16 June 2023
Pnigalio cf. nemati (Westwood, 1838)	−	12♀, 7♂	19	24 May–31 June
			(3.35)	2019;
				11–16 June 2023
Pnigalio cf. soemius (Walker, 1839)	−	5♀, 7♂	12	19 May−30 June
			(2.11)	2019; 9 June 2023
Tetrastichus miser (Nees, 1834)	en	2♀, 1♂	3	17 June 2018; 20–−25
			(0.53)	June 2023
Tetrastichus cf. calmius Hansson and	−	2♀, 7♂	9	5–9 June 2023
Schmidt			(1.58)
Eupelmidae
** Eupelmus barai Fusu, 2017	ec	2♀	2	5–13 June 2019
			(0.35)
** Eupelmus confusus Al khatib, 2015	ec	2♀	2	5–20 June 2018
			(0.35)
* Eupelmus urozonus Dalman, 1820	ec	2♀	2	5–20 June 2018
			(0.35)
Pteromalidae
* Pteromalus varians (Spinola, 1808)	ec	12♀, 46♂	58	19 May–30 June
			(10.21)	2019; 05 June 2023
Trichomalus inscitus (Walker, 1835)	ec	31♀, 46♂	77	5–19 June 2018; 19
			(13.56)	May–30 June 2019;
				11–25 June 2023