The Tyrant Lizard King, Queen and Emperor: Multiple Lines of Morphological and Stratigraphic Evidence Support Subtle Evolution and Probable Speciation Within the North American Genus Tyrannosaurus Author Paul, Gregory S. 3100 St. Paul St. 604, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA GSP1954@aol.com Author Iv, W. Scott Persons Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences, College of Charleston, 202 Calhoun St, Charleston, SC 29401, USA Author Van Raalte, Jay 3100 St. Paul St. 604, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA text Evolutionary Biology 2022 2022-03-01 49 2 156 179 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-022-09561-5 journal article 20425 10.1007/s11692-022-09561-5 df53e152-ad9e-4b59-b7a7-1ffec806ac46 6323344

Table 1 Femur lengths and circumferences in mm, and resulting ratio, for entire theropod sample, plus known stratigraphic levels within TT-zone, and status as robust, gracile or borderline as determined by overall skeletal analysis for entire Tyrannosaurus sample, withadditionalcalculations (variation percentage, ratio ranges, ratio averages and medians) for the large specimens of each taxon at the bottom of each taxon’s dataset

		Level	Gracile or robust	Femur length	Femur circ	Femur ratio
Each specimen listed in order of declining femur length within a given taxon, except for those Tyrannosaurus lacking the element. All the Tyrannosaurus specimens available for analysis are included in this table for a quick look at their stratigraphic level and assessed robusticity or gracility
Tyrannosaurus	exBHI 3033 Stan	h	g	1350	505	2.67
	Z-rex/Samson	l	r	1343	560	2.4
	RSM P2523.8 Scotty	h	r?	1333	590	2.26
	FMNH PR2081 Sue T. imperator type	l or m	r	1321	580	2.28
	BHI 6248 Cope	l	r	1300	630	2.06
	TMT v222 Lee	l	b	1295	545	2.38
	MOR 1128 G-rex	l	r	1280	580	2.21
	USNM 555000 Wankel T. regina type	h	g	1280	520	2.46
	CM 9380 T. rex type	h	r	1269	534	2.38
	MOR 980 Peck’s Rex/Rigby	h	g	1232	483	2.55
	RMDRC 2002.MT-001	na	r	1220	580	2.1
	HMN MB.R.91216 Tristan	l	b	1220	520	2.35
	TMP 81.6.1 Black Beauty	h	g	1210	460	2.63
	LL 12823	m	g	1200	467	2.57
	BHI 6242 Henry	na	r	1189	512	2.3
	LACM 150167 Thomas	h	g	1181	470	2.51
	BHI 6232	m	r	1180	527	2.24
	BHI 6435	h	r	1180	512	2.3
	BHI 6436	h	r	1170	530	2.21
	RGM 792.000 Trix	l	r	1170	529	2.21
	MOR 1125 B-rex	l or m	r	1150	515	2.23
	BHI 6233	h	r	1110	515	2.16
	BHI 6230 Wy-rex	h	r	1100	494	2.23
	MOR 009 Hager	h	b	1100	469	2.34
	USNM 6183	na	r juv	990	430	2.32
	LACM 23845	h	g juv	~ 900	305	~ 2.95
	LACM 23844	h	b
	BHI 4100 Duffy	h	r?
	BHI 4182	l	?
	BHI 6231	m	R?
	MOR 008	na	?
	AMNH 5027	?	?
	NHMUK R7994 D. imperiosus type	m	r?
	SDSM 12047	l	?
	TCM 2001.90.1 Bucky	l or m	R
	UCMP 118742	na	g?
	NMMNH P-3698	l	r?
	n 24 femora 1100+ mm all levels					Variation 30%
						Range 2.06–2.67
						Median 2.37
						Average 2.27
	n 12 femora 1100+ mm h level					Variation 24%
						Range 2.16–2..67
						Median 2.42
						Average 2.39
	n 8 femora 1100 +mm					Variation 17%
						Range 2.06–2.4
						Median 2.23
						Average 2.27
Nanotyrannus?	BMRP 2002.4.1			720	245	2.34
	BHI-6437			657
Tarbosaurus	MPC-D107/02			1120	480	2.33
	MPC-D PJC2012.48			1050	417	2.52
	PIN 551-2			965	390	2.47
	MPC-D100/63			960	410	2.34
	ZPAL MgD-1/109			800	300	2.67
	CMMD 1			785	273	2.88
	MPC-D100/61			780	290	2.69
	Pohl			599	215	2.79
	MPC 970716KmT			564	203	2.78
	MPC D107/07a			303	90	3.37
	n 4 femora 900+ mm					Variation 8%
						Median 2.43
						Average 2.42
Raptorex?	LH PVi8			338	85	3.98
Alioramus	MPC-D 100/1844			560	170	3.29
Alectrosaurus	MPC-D 100/51			616	216	2.85
Daspletosaurus	AMNH 5438			1005	395	2.5
	UALVP 11			1000	415	2.41
	UALVP 52981			980	330	2.97
	TMP 2001.36.1			960	382	2.51
	FM PR308 (AMNH 5434)			940	370	2.54
	MOR 590			865	335	2.58
	n 6 femora 800+ mm					Variation 23%
						Median 2.69
						Average 2.59
Albertosaurus	ROM 807			1020	355	2.87
	TMP 1982.13.30			1008	380	2.65
	AMNH 5218			954	310	3.08
	TMP 1981.10.1			940	305	3.08
	MOR 553			912	339	2.69
	AMNH 5235			870	314	2.77
	TMP 1999.50.52			780	280	2.79
	CMN 11315			680	214	3.18
	TMP 1999.50.19			490	200	2.45
	n 6 femora 800+ mm					Variation 16%
						Median 2.87
						Average 2.85
Gorgosaurus	CMN 2120			1040	378	2.75
	USNM 16754			1015	364	2.79
	CMN 350			965	385	2.51
	CMN 11593			940	320	2.94
	TMP 94.12.602			920	330	2.79
	TCM 2001.89.1			830	296	2.8
	ROM 1247			765	266	2.88
	TMP 91.36.500			645	191	3.38
	AMNH 5423			605	194	3.12
	n 6 femora 800+ mm					Variation 17%
						Median 2.71
						Average 2.76
Dasp + Alber + Gorg						Variation 23%
Allosaurus	UMNH 7889			836	320	2.61
	UMNH 7912			785	302	2.6
	UMNH 7890			755	290	2.6
	UMNH 7882			750	295	2.54
	UMNH 7911			660	239	2.76
	UMNH 7884			656	253	2.6
	UMNH 7883			637	242	2.63
	UMNH 7891			608	221	2.75
	UMNH 7885			593	226	2.62
	UMNH 6453			585	217	2.7
	UMNH C-52			565	195	2.9
	UMNH 7899			558	189	2.95
	UMNH 12231			551	209	2.64
	n 5 femora 660+ mm					Variation 9%
	n 10 femora 585+ mm					Variation 9%
	n 14 femora all					Variation 16%