A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence Author Carr, Thomas D. Department of Biology, Carthage College, Kenosha, WI, USA text PeerJ 2020 8 e 9192 e 9192 journal article 224105 10.7717/peerj.9192 d363523c-cf93-410c-808d-0da6b8d62ff6 5824972

Table 23 Summary of the character evidence for shared ontogenetic trends throughout the ontogeny of Archosauriformes. Rows correspond to major growth trends identified in the left hand column and, in the following cells, the osteological correlates of the trend for each taxon; columns correspond to taxa. The taxonomic distribution of the reduction of cephalic ornamentation is given in the text. emf, external mandibular fenestra. See text for details and sources; see Fig. 33 for an illustrated summary.

Character/ taxon	Proterosuchus	Crocodylia	Massospondylus	Coelophysis	Dubreuillosaurus	Allosaurus	Tyrannosaurus bataar	T. rex
Increase in snout height	height maxillary horizontal ramus	snout height	snout height	?	snout height	snout height	snout height	height maxillary horizontal ramus, snout height
Increase skull height	height orbital & laterotemporal fenestrae	?	enlarged postorbital, dorsal shift bony naris	?	caudally inclined lacrimal, postorbital enlarged	lacrimal ventral ramus size, postorbital region height, angulation between maxilla and jugal	lacrimal ventral ramus size, postorbital region height, dorsal shift	height orbital & laterotemporal fenestrae, caudally inclined lacrimal, postorbital enlarged, postorbital region height, angulation between maxilla and jugal
Increase in adductor chamber size	length orbital fenestra	length orbital fenestra	length orbital fenestra	length orbital fenestra	length orbital fenestra	length orbital fenestra	length orbital fenestra	length orbital fenestra
Increase in skull width	width frontoparietal region	width frontoparietal region, width snout	?	width snout	?	?	?	width frontoparietal region, width snout
Antorbital fossa length	?	?	decrease	increase	decrease	decrease	decrease	?
Rostrocaudal jaw joint position	caudal	?	rostral	caudal	caudal	rostral	caudal	?
Dorsoventral jaw joint position	ventral	?	ventral	dorsal	no change	ventral	ventral	?
Increase of mandible height	?	height mandible & emf	?	?	?	?	?	height mandible & emf
Tooth number	increase maxillary teeth	?	?	?	?	?	?	increase maxillary teeth
Bite force	?	increase	?	?	?	?	?	increase
Deltopectoral crest	?	?	?	enlarged crest	?	?	?	enlarged crest
Trochanteric crest	?	?	?	enhanced crest	?	?	?	enhanced crest