A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence Author Carr, Thomas D. Department of Biology, Carthage College, Kenosha, WI, USA text PeerJ 2020 8 e 9192 e 9192 journal article 224105 10.7717/peerj.9192 d363523c-cf93-410c-808d-0da6b8d62ff6 5824972

Table 22 Comparison of hypothetically oversplit characters in the data set for Tyrannosaurus rex ontogeny with decisions for deletion of redundant transformation series. The rows are organized by growth stage, followed by the skull region, identification of oversplit characters, and the decisions (based on redundancy) to retain (=exemplar) or exclude transformation series from the analysis. Identical transformation series have matching codings, although one might be more complete than the other. Groups of identical transformation series are separated by semicolons. Exemplar transformation series are the most completely coded examples of their sets and were run in the analysis, whereas excluded transformations series were not.

Growth stage	Domain	Hypothetically oversplit characters	Identical transformation series	Exemplar transformation series	Excluded transformation series
5	Skull height	4, 57, 66, 238, 239, 240, 254, 260, 570	4, 66; 570; 57, 238, 239, 240; 260	4, 240, 260, 570	66; 57, 238, 239
5	Antorbital fossa	374, 375	n/a	n/a	n/a
5	Dorsal margin of postorbital	620, 623	n/a	n/a	n/a
5	Subcutaneous surface	556, 621	556, 621	621	556
5	Maxillary tooth count	132, 397, 1176	n/a	n/a	n/a
6	Lacrimal inflation	38, 40, 41, 45, 46, 436, 437, 447, 450, 453, 454, 459, 461, 462, 464, 465, 468, 471, 482, 485	40, 45, 436, 447, 454, 462, 465, 468; 46; 437, 450; 464; 453; 471; 459; 41, 461; 39; 38, 482, 485	447; 46; 450; 464; 453; 471; 459; 41; 39; 38	40, 45, 436, 454, 462, 465, 468; 437; 461; 482, 485
6	Skull frame	517, 522, 626	517, 626; 522	517; 522	626
7	Lacrimal inflation	39, 41, 43, 453	n/a	n/a	n/a
9	Alveolus size	117, 121	n/a	n/a	n/a