Phylogeny, evolution, and classification of the ant genus Lasius, the tribe Lasiini and the subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Author Boudinot, Brendon E. Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis CA, U. S. A. & Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institut für Spezielle Zoologie, Jena, Germany Author Borowiec, Marek L. Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis CA, U. S. A. & Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow ID, U. S. A. & Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow ID, U. S. A. Author Prebus, Matthew M. Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis CA, U. S. A. & School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, U. S. A. mprebus@gmail.com text Systematic Entomology 2022 2022-01-10 47 113 151 journal article 20773 10.1111/syen.12522 564eaad8-6245-4f42-9a88-42b97bf30807 5975346

Table 1. Overview of study design, explaining which datasets and analyses were used to answer our primary questions.
Question	Data	Programme	Analysis
Phylogenetic analyses
1. Is Lasius monophyletic?	89 taxa, 959 UCE locus alignments	UCEs: ASTRAL-II	UCE: summary coalescence
	135 taxa, 11 Sanger loci	Sanger: MRBAYES	135 taxa, 11 Sanger loci: Bayesian tree inference, and maximum likelihood bootstrap
	55 taxa, 11 Sanger loci	3.2.6, IQ-TREE
			55 taxa, 11 Sanger loci: stepping stone, concordance factor
2. Are the subgenera of Lasius monophyletic?	55 taxa, 11 Sanger loci	MRBAYES 3.2.6, IQ-TREE	Bayesian: Bayesian tree inference, stepping stone ML; maximum likelihood bootstrap, concordance factor
3. What are the relationships of fossil Formicinae?	154 taxa: 11 Sanger loci for 135 extant taxa, and 110 binary morphological characters for 136 extant and 18 extinct taxa	MRBAYES 3.2.6	Tree search: (clock vs nonclock; morphology-only vs combined data)
Evolutionary history
4. Under what palaeoclimatological conditions and where biogeographically did the Lasiini and its internal clades originate?	135 extant taxon, 11 Sanger loci chronogram trimmed from 154 taxon tree generated in Question 3	BIOGEOBEARS	BIOGEOBEARS: several models (with and without +J)
5. What was the evolutionary sequence of transformation for taxonomically important characters and life-history traits?	135 taxon chronogram from Question 4, 5 binary morphological characters and 1 ternary morphological character; 21 taxon chronogram trimmed from Question 3, 2 binary life-history traits	R (ape)	ace with ER (equal rates) versus
Taxonomy
6. What are the morphological states that define the Lasiini and focal clades therein?	Qualitative comparisons (various)	Qualitative: n/a	Qualitative: Key + Tabulation
	Morphometrics (104 specimens, 56 spp.)	Quantitative: R	Quantitative: Plotting
	Morphometrics (104 specimens, 56 spp.)	(ggplot)