A True global hotspot of biodiversity: discovery of Geastrum crystallinum sp. nov. and Geastrum complanatum sp. nov. (Basidiomycota, Geastraceae) for Brazilian Cerrado Author Barbosa, Kairo Dourado Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Sistemática e Evolução, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Natal, 59072 - 970 Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil) kairodourado8@gmail.com Author Oliveira, Renan De Lima Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Sistemática e Evolução, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Natal, 59072 - 970 Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil) brazil_renan77@yahoo.com.br Author de Andrade de Lima, Alexandro Centro de Biociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Fungos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670 - 901 Campus Universitário, Recife, Pernambuco (Brazil) alexandro.andrade@hotmail.com Author Marinho, Paulo Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Natal, 59072 - 970 Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil) paulo.marinho@ufrn.br Author Baseia, Iuri Goulart Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Natal, 59072 - 970 Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil) iuribaseia@gmail.com Author Santos Ferreira da Cruz, Rhudson Henrique Centro das Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia, Campus Reitor Edgard Santos, Barreiras, 47810 - 047 Bahia (Brazil) rhudsoncruz@yahoo.com.br text Cryptogamie, Mycologie 2025 2025-09-09 20 3 35 50 https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/mycologie2025v46a3.pdf journal article 312262 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2025v46a3 61dd1e11-f2f7-4f04-8bc1-db36c33b8029 1776-100X 17091248

TABLE 2. — Morphological comparison of Geastrum Pers. complanatum and closely related species based on descriptions by Zamora et al. (2015). In bold, characteristics of the new species.

Geastrum biplicatum Berk. & M. A. Curtis	Geastrum glaucescens Speg.	Geastrum meridionale J. C. Zamora	Geastrum papinuttii J. C. Zamora	Geastrum parvistriatum J. C. Zamora & Calonge Geastrum plicatum Berk. Geastrum pectinatum Pers.			Geastrum striatum de Candolle Geastrum tenuipes Berk.	Geastrum tenuipes Berk.	Geastrum complanatum sp. nov.
Exoperidium
34 mm diam., with 7 non-hygroscopic rays	18-45 mm diam., with 6-8 non-hygroscopic rays	45-125 mm diam., with 5-12 non-hygroscopic rays	12-24 mm diam., with 6-11 non-hygroscopic rays	(13-)19-47 diam., with 5-12 non-hygroscopic rays	38-62 mm 20-135 mm diam., with diam., with 6-9 non- (4–) 6-10 hygroscopic (–11) non-rays hygroscopic rays		21-85 mm diam., with (4–) 6-10 (–12) non-hygro- scopic rays 25-82 mm diam., with 6-11 raiosnon- hygro- scopic rays		17-28 mm diam., with 7-11 non- hygroscopic rays
Endoperidium
11 mm diam., dark brown, crystalline matter surface of COD bipyramidal crystals with 15.0 μm diam.	5-16 mm diam., dark brown to black, crystalline matter surface of COD bipyramidal crystals with 6.0-15.0 μm diam.	12-33 mm diam., cream to brownish grey, rarely dark brown, crystalline matter surface of COD bipyramidal crystals with 6.0-13.0 μm diam.	3.5-6.5 mm diam., mainly dark brown to black, crystalline matter surface of COD bipyramidal crystals with 6.0-12.0 μm diam.	5-16 mm diam., mainly dark brown to blackish, crystalline matter surface of COD bipyramidal crystals with 5.5-12.5 μm diam.	10-18 mm (4,5–) 10-25 diam., light (–36) mm to dark diam., dark brown, brown, crystalline crystalline matter matter surface surface of COD of COD bipyramidal bipyramidal crystals crystals with 7.0- with 5.0- 20.0 15.0 μm (–32.0) μm diam. diam.		5.5-26 mm diam., brown to black, crystalline matter surface of COD bipyramidal crystals with 5.0- 15.0 μm diam. 8-17 mm diam., grayish to dark brownish gray, crystalline matter surface of COD bipyramidal crystals with (20–) 25-55 μm diam.	8-17 mm diam., grayish to dark brownish gray, crystalline matter surface of COD bipyramidal crystals with (20–) 25-55 μm diam.	5-13 mm diam., grayish brown, crystalline matter surface of COD pupallike crystals with (4.1–) 5.5-18.0 μm diam.
Peristome
Sulcate, slightly delimited, with 19 folds	Sulcate, distinctly or not distinctly delimited, with 11-25 folds	Sulcate, distinctly or not distinctly delimited, with (17–) 22-52 (–60) folds.	Sulcate, distinctly or not distinctly delimited, with 12-20 folds	Sulcate, distinctly or not distinctly delimited, with 7-23 folds	Sulcate, Sulcate, distinctly distinctly or not or not distinctly distinctly delimited, delimited, with 16-30 with 11-35 folds folds		Sulcate, sometimes well delimited, with 19-36 folds Sulcate, mainly well delimited, with 14-27 folds	Sulcate, mainly well delimited, with 14-27 folds	Slightly sulcate, sometimes well delimited, with 16-21 folds
Pedicel
Brownish, 2.0 mm in height	Brown to dark brown, 0.5-2.5 mm in height	Cream to dark brownish gray, (2.5–) 3.0-9.0 (–9.5) mm in height	Brown to grayish brown, 0.5- 1.3 mm in height	Brown to dark brown, rarely pale in color, 0.5-2.5 (–3.0) mm in height	Light or dark Mostly light coloured, coloured, often very slender to slender, more or 3.5-6.0 mm less stout, in height (1.5–) 3.5- 13 (–15 mm		White to Light or dark Yellowish brownish, coloured, white, 2,0- (1.0–) 2.0- very 3.0 mm in 9.0 mm in slender, height height 3.0- 7.0 mm in height
					in height
Apophysis
Not observed	Not observed	Not observed	Not observed	Not observed	Not Not observed observed		Well developed, solid, in ring shape with acute border Not observed	Not observed	Discrete, sulcate, color lighter than the endoperidium
Capillitium
Hyphae thick up to 10.5 μm diam.	Hyphae thick, 6.0-9.0 µm diam.	Hyphae thick, (5.5–) 6.0- 9.0 (–9.5) µm diam.	Hyphae thick, 4.5-6.0 µm diam.	Hyphae thick, (5.0–) 5.5-8.0 (–8.5) µm diam.	Hyphae Hyphae Not Hyphae thick, thick, observed thick, 6.0-8.0 µm (8.0–)9.0-13.0 6.0-9.0 µm diam. (–15.0) µm diam. diam.				Hyphae thick, 3.0-6.0 µm diam.
Geastrum biplicatum Berk. & M. A. Curtis	Geastrum glaucescens Speg.	Geastrum meridionale J. C. Zamora	Geastrum papinuttii J. C. Zamora	Geastrum parvistriatum J. C. Zamora & Calonge Geastrum plicatum Berk.		Geastrum pectinatum Pers.	Geastrum striatum de Candolle	Geastrum tenuipes Berk.	Geastrum complanatum sp. nov.
Basidiospores
Globose, ornamentation baculate-pilate, (4.5–) 5.0- 6.0 μm diam.	Globose, ornamentation verrucose to irregularly pilate 5.0-7.0 (–7.5) µm diam.	Globose, ornamentation baculate-pilate (5.5–) 6.0- 7.5 (–8.5) µm diam.	Globose, ornamentation verrucose to irregularly pilate 4.0-5.5 µm diam.	Globose, mentation verrucose to irregularly pilate (4.5–) 5.0-7.0 (–7.5) µm diam. orna-Globose, ornamentation baculate-pilate, (4,5–) 5.0-6.5 μm diam.		Globose, ornamentation baculate-pilate, 5.5-7.5 (–8.0) μm diam.	Globose, ornamentation verrucose to irregularly pilate 5.0- 6.0 μm diam.	Globose, ornamentation baculate-pilate, 5.5-7.5 (–8.5) μm diam.	Globose, ornamentation baculate-pilate, 4.8-8.5 μm diam.