Functional morphology of neck musculature in the Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda) as determined via a hierarchical inferential approach Author Eric Snively Author Anthony P. Russell text Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2007 151 4 759 808 journal article 23195 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00334.x c95839c4-68cc-4953-84ad-fc6bbd02d753 3734918

Table 1. Neck muscles of Aves, with osteological correlates listed for Tyrannosauridae

			Correlates in
Muscle/action	Origin	Insertion	tyrannosauridae
m. complexus head dosriflexion	Dorsal scars on epipophyses (many birds). Lateral tubercle between prezygapophysis and lateral ridge (grebes).	Nuchal crest (parietals), dorsolateral to m. splenius, lateral to m. biventer cervicis (bv.c.).	Origin: lateral ridge and rugosity on epipophyses Insertion: squamosals.
m. splenius capitis head dorsiflexion	Teardrop-shaped origins on either side of midline of dorsolateral surface of neural arches of C2 and C3.	Nuchal crest (parietals), deep to m. complexus.	Origin: scar identical to that in birds. Insertion: parietals.
m. biventer cervicis head dorsiflexion	Tendinous or aponeurotic from base of neck.	Medial part of nuchal crest (parietals).	Origin: dorsal and lateral surfaces of neural spines. Insertion: rugose dorsal scar on posterior surface of parietals.
m. longus colli dorsalis pars cranialis neck dosriflexion	Tendinous or aponeurotic from base of neck.	On tendon of m. l.c.d.caudalis (see below), to epipophysis of axis.	Origin: ambiguous (in crocodilians: aponeuroses from prezygapophyses and neural spines of C3–C9). Insertion: epipophyses of C2–C3.
m. longus colli Ventral and medial surfaces First slip to epipophysis of Not differentiable from m. dorsalis pars of strong encircling C2; posterior slips to l.c.d. cr. caudalis aponeurosis from dorsal anapophyses of cervicals neck dorsiflexion ridges of posterior cervical posterior to origins of m. and anteriormost dorsal l.c.d.cr. neural spines
m. rectus capitis dorsalis head lateral flexion	Epipophysis, adjacent neural arch of C2 in wading charadriaformes. Anterolateral surface of C2, anterior to complexus origin, on neural arch of grebes. Also costal processes of C3–C6, aponeurosis from ventrolateral edge of m. intertransversarii (grebes).	Ridge or low process on basitemporal plate, anterolateral to occipital condyle.	Origin: ambiguous; probably anterior parapophyses. Insertion: basioccipital tuberosity.
mm. intertransversarii neck intervertebral lateral flexion	Complex multislip origins on transverse processes	Complex multihead insertions on transverse processes	Origin: indiscrete rugosities of transverse processes. Insertion: ambiguous; probably rugosity on next anterior vertebra
m. rectus capitis lateralis head ventro/–lateral flexion	Hypopophysis of C2–C5, aponeruroses between these.	Paroccipital process: crest and opisthotic process lateral to m. spl. cap. in grebes, ventroanterior tip of opisthotic process in waders.	Origin: probably heads, and aponeuroses attaching to cervical ribs. Insertion: clear triangular ventral scar on paroccipital process.