Exploring the relationship between environment and brain morphology in anurans: a comparative phylogenetic approach Author Rodrigues, Maycon Vitor Laboratório de Anfíbios e Répteis, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil mayconvitorr@gmail.com Author Potsch, Sergio Author Carvalho-e-Silva Laboratório de Anfíbios e Répteis, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Author Rödel, Mark-Oliver Museum für Naturkunde-Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany Author Andressa Author Bezerra, Mello Laboratório de Anfíbios e Répteis, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil & Centro de Herpetologia e Pesquisa Instituto Vital Brazil, Instituto Vital Brazil, Niterói, RJ, Brazil & Laboratório de Herpetologia, Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil text Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2025 2024-03-01 203 1 16 https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae025 journal article 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae025 0024-4082 14802556

Table 6. Results of the morphological disparity test between the anuran cerebellum and optic tectum shape and lifestyle: terrestrial, TE; aquatic, AQ; arboreal, AR; bromeligenous, BR; fossorial, FO; semi-aquatic, SA; and activity period: nocturnal, NO; diurnal, DI; all day, AD. Significant values are highlighted in bold.

Pairwise differences between variances including P -values (P)
Cerebellum
Lifestyle
	TE	P	AQ	P	AR	P	BR	P	FO	P	SA	P
TE	0.000	1.000	0.001	0.935	0.001	0.635	0.003	0.478	0.003	0.492	0.001	0.824
AQ	0.001	0.935	0.000	1.000	0.001	0.834	0.004	0.523	0.004	0.512	0.001	0.847
AR	0.001	0.635	0.001	0.834	0.000	1.000	0.005	0.364	0.004	0.332	0.002	0.590
BR	0.003	0.478	0.003	0.523	0.005	0.364	0.000	1.000	0.001	0.996	0.003	0.614
FO	0.003	0.492	0.004	0.512	0.004	0.332	0.001	0.996	0.000	1.000	0.003	0.594
SA	0.001	0.824	0.001	0.847	0.001	0.590	0.003	0.614	0.003	0.594	0.000	1.000
Activity mode
	NO		P		DI		P		AD		P
NO	0.000		1.000		0.008		0.003		0.001		0.755
DI	0.008		0.003		0.000		1.000		0.007		0.037
AD	0.001		0.755		0.007		0.037		0.000		1.000
Optic tectum
Lifestyle
	TE	P	AQ	P	AR	P	BR	P	FO	P	SA	P
TE	0.000	1.000	0.001	0.145	0.002	0.002	0.001	0.256	0.001	0.188	0.001	0.934
AQ	0.001	0.145	0.000	1.000	0.001	0.400	0.001	0.955	0.001	0.986	0.001	0.195
AR	0.002	0.002	0.001	0.400	0.000	1.000	0.001	0.544	0.001	0.421	0.002	0.005
BR	0.001	0.256	0.001	0.955	0.001	0.544	0.000	1.000	0.001	0.948	0.001	0.262
FO	0.001	0.188	0.001	0.986	0.001	0.421	0.001	0.948	0.000	1.000	0.001	0.230
SA	0.001	0.934	0.001	0.195	0.002	0.005	0.001	0.262	0.001	0.230	0.000	1.000
Activity mode
	NO		P		DI		P		AD		P
NO	0.000		1.000		0.001		0.394		0.001		0.538
DI	0.001		0.394		0.000		1.000		0.001		0.801
AD	0.001		0.538		0.001		0.801		0.000		1.000